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PSYC 263 definitions 1 > PSYC 236 definitions > Flashcards

PSYC 236 definitions Flashcards

1
Q

psychological abnormality

A

behaviour, speech or thought that impairs the ability of a person to function in the way that is generally expected of them in the context of the situation where the usual functioning occurs

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2
Q

psychopathology

A

the scientific study of psychological abnormality and the problems faced by people who suffer from these disorder

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3
Q

psychological disorder

A

a clinically significant disturbance in a person’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviours

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4
Q

mental illness

A

term used to convey the same meaning as psychopathology, but implies a medical rather than psychological cause

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5
Q

statistical concept

A

behaviour is judged as abnormal if it appears infrequently within a population

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6
Q

personal distress

A

disorders have to cause distress to the affected individual to be considered problems/disorders

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7
Q

personal dysfunction

A

maladaptive behaviours are considered to be abnormal

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8
Q

violations of norms

A

behaviours and thoughts of people with disorders may run counter to what we view as appropriate

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9
Q

clinical psychologists

A

provide services to individuals, couples, and families across the lifespan, and populations for all ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds

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10
Q

psychiatrist

A

a medical doctor who specializes in mental health, including substance use disorders

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11
Q

methodism

A

viewpoint developed from rejecting Hippocrates ideas, and instead regarded mental illness as being from either constriction of body tissue or form of relaxation of those tissues due to exhaustion

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12
Q

theory

A

a well-sustained explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment

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13
Q

single-factor explanation

A

attempts to trace the origin of the issue to one direct instance for a cause

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14
Q

interactionist explanation

A

view behaviour as the product of the interaction of a variety of factors, generally making more satisfactory theories in describing mental disorders, takes into account the biology, behaviour, social cognitive, and cultural aspects

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15
Q

biological determinism

A

what a person is, is determined by their inherited characteristics

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16
Q

conscious

A

contains info of which we are currently aware

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17
Q

preconscious

A

holds info not presently within our awareness but can readily be brought into awareness

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18
Q

unconscious

A

contains the majority of our memories and drive that unfortunately can only be raised to awareness with great difficulty and typically only in response to particular techniques

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19
Q

the ID

A

acts according to the pleasure principle
the structure present at birth and it contains or represents the biological instincts or drives, these drives demand instant gratification without concern for the consequences to self and other

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20
Q

the Ego

A

governed through the reality principle
it clashes with the Id but evens out overtime with normal ego development, attempts to satisfy the Id without offending the superego
develops in the first year of life to curb the effects of the Id, so that the individual does not suffer any undesirable consequences, no concern for right or wrong, only the avoidance of pain or discomfort to one’s self to maximize unpunished pleasure

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21
Q

superego

A

the internalization of moral standards of society inculcated by the child’s parents, operating guide is the moral principle serving as the moral conscious by monitoring the ego

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22
Q

classical conditioning

A

an individual learns to associate a neural stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces a behaviour, considered the basis for learning by Pavlov

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23
Q

operant conditioning

A

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behaviour, through operant conditioning, behaviour that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, while behaviour that is punished is prone to happen less

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24
Q

social learning theory

A

suggests that although classical and operant conditioning experiences are important, the majority of these experiences occur within a social context and are primarily acquired vicariously - by observation of others rather than direct personal experience

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25
Q

cognitive model

A

emotions and behaviours are heavily influenced by individual perceptions or cognitive appraisals of events

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26
Q

schemas

A

internal representations of stored info and experiences, used to organize new info in a meaningful way and to help determine how we perceive and understand what goes on around us

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27
Q

automatic thoughts

A

cognitive by products because they stem from an individual’s core beliefs or schemas in interaction with the environment

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28
Q

self-actualization

A

the hierarchy of needs that must be met in order for an individual to reach their full potential

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29
Q

stigma

A

a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person

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30
Q

public stigma

A

the perception held by a group or society that a person who seeks psychological treatment is undesirable or socially unacceptable

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31
Q

self-stigma

A

the reduction of an individual’s self-esteem or self-worth caused by the individual self-labelling themselves as someone who is socially unaccepatble

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32
Q

reductionism

A

the whole is the sum of its parts, unidirectional

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33
Q

systems theory

A

the whole is more than the sum of its parts, profoundly influenced biology, engineering and computer science, this view of the way things behave sees causation as the combined effect of multiple factors that are likely to be bidirectional

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34
Q

diagnosis

A

the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person’s symptoms and signs

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35
Q

assessment

A

a procedure through which info is gathered systematically in the evaluation of a potential disorder or disorders; this assessment procedure yields the info that serves as the basis for diagnosis, may include interviews with the patient and their family, medical testing, psychological or psychosocial testing, and self-evaluation

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36
Q

reliabilty

A

diagnostic systems must give the same measurement for a given thing every time in order to be considered useful

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37
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

the extent to which two clinicians agree on the diagnosis of a particular patientv

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38
Q

validity

A

determined by whether a diagnostic category is able to predict mental disorders accurately

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39
Q

concurrent validity

A

the ability of a diagnostic category to estimate an individuals present standing on factors related to the disorder, but not themselves part of the diagnostic criteria

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40
Q

predictive validity

A

the ability of a test to predict the future course of an individual’s development

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41
Q

psychological testing

A

involves gathering a sample of behaviour to determine a set of scores on a given measure

42
Q

psychological assessment

A

a systematic gathering and evaluation of info pertaining to an individual suspected of abnormal behaviour

43
Q

test-retest reliability

A

the degree to which a test yields the same results when it is given more than once to the same person

44
Q

alternate form reliability

A

the test designers prepare tow forms of the same test and word the questions in a slightly different way to create a comparable second version of the test that correlates highly with the first test

45
Q

internal consistency

A

the degree of reliability within a test, to which extend do different parts of the same test yield the same results

46
Q

split-half reliability

A

often evaluated by comparing responses on odd-numbered test items with responses on even-numbered test items, highly correlated responses = high-split half reliability

47
Q

coefficient alpha

A

calculated by averaging the intercorrelations of all items on a given test, the higher the coefficient alpha, the higher the internal consistency of a test, a reliable measure would be of little value it if is not valid

48
Q

face validity

A

the user of the tests believes that the items on the test resemble the characteristics associated with the concept being tested

49
Q

content validity

A

requires that a test content includes a representative sample of all behaviours thought to be related to the construct that the test is designed to measure

50
Q

criterion validity

A

some features are easier to recognize than define completely

51
Q

construct validity

A

the importance of a test within a specific theoretical framework and can only be understood within the context of that framework

52
Q

EEG

A

uses electrodes placed on various parts of the scalp to measure the brains electrical activity, the electrical impulses are carried to special electronic equipment to amplify and record the activity in many parts of the brain

53
Q

CT and CAT tests

A

a narrow band of X-rays is projected through the head onto scintillation crystals, which are much more sensitive than x-ray film

54
Q

MRI

A

a strong homogenous magnetic field is produced around the patients head, this causes atoms with odd weights to align their electrons parallel to the direction of the field, they are used to see the structure of the brain

55
Q

projective tests

A

a person presented with an ambiguous stimulus will project onto that stimulus their unconscious motives, needs, drives, feelings, defenses, and personality characteristics, thus the test reveals info that the person cannot or will not report directly, useful to help make hypotheses about an individual’s personality

55
Q

PET

A

a combination of CT and radioisotope imaging, patients inhale or are injected with radioisotopes with half-lives of minutes-hours, as the substance is used in the brain activity, it gives off radiation detected by the equipment

56
Q

TAT

A

consists of cards showing ambiguous social interactions, individuals are asked to construct stories about the cards

57
Q

anxiety

A

a affective state whereby an individual feels threatened by the potential occurrence of a future negative event, anxiety is future oriented in general

58
Q

fear

A

a more primitive emotion and occurs in response to a real or perceived threat, fear is present oriented, as it involves a reaction to something believed to be threatening at the present moment, fear is very important evolutionarily due to the behavioural responses it elicits

59
Q

panic

A

very similar to fear, making these two emotional states difficult to distinguish in their physiological and behavioural aspects, however, whereas fear is an emotional response to an objective, current, and identifiable threat, panic is an extreme fear reaction that is triggered even though there is nothing objectively threatening to be afraid of

60
Q

panic disorder

A

individuals with panic disorder experience recurrent and unexpected panic attacks

61
Q

agoraphobia

A

anxiety about being in places or situations where an individual might find it difficult to escape or in which help would not be readily available should a panic attack occur

62
Q

phobia

A

fears that cause marked distress and significantly disrupt their daily lives

63
Q

social anxiety/phobia

A

a marked and persistent fear of social or performance-related situations, fear interacting with others in most social settings

64
Q

GAD

A

uncontrollable and excessive worry

65
Q

obsessions

A

recurrent and uncontrollable thoughts, impulses, or ideas that the individual finds disturbing and anxiety-provoking

66
Q

compulsions

A

repetitive behaviours or cognitive acts that are intended to reduce anxiety

67
Q

BDD

A

excessive pre-occupation with an imagined or exaggerated body disfigurement, sometimes to the point of delusion

68
Q

hysteria

A

symptom pattern characterized by emotional excitability and physical symptoms in the absence of any evident physiological cause

69
Q

dissociative disorders

A

characterized by severe maladaptive disruptions or alterations of identity, memory, and consciousness that are experienced as being beyond one’s control

70
Q

dissociation

A

the lack of normal integration of one or more aspects of psychological functioning, such as identity, memory, consciousness, emotion, sensorimotor, functioning, or behaviour

71
Q

dissociative fugue

A

an extremely rare type of amnesia for autobiographical info that is so profound the individuals also unexpectedly travel away from home, few days to a few weeks, sometimes prolonged periods

72
Q

depersonalization

A

dissociative disorder in which the person has persistent or recurrent experiences with depersonalization or derealization

73
Q

depersonalization

A

condition in which people have a distinct sense of unreality and detachment from their own thoughts, feelings, sensations, actions or body

74
Q

derealization

A

similar to depersonalization, but involves feelings of unreality and detachment WRT one’s surroundings rather than the self

75
Q

DID

A

an individual’s sense of self is fragmented and resembles two or more personality states

76
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

people have long standing beliefs that they have a serious illness, resulting in excessive anxiety and dysfunction

77
Q

cognitive disorder

A

individuals have a loss of functioning in a part of their body that appears to be due to a neurological or other medical cause, but without any underlying medical abnormality to explain it

78
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

people typically have multiple, recurrent somatic symptoms such as pain, fatigue, nausea, muscle weakness, numbness r indigestion

79
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

preoccupied with fear that they may have a serious medical disease, despite the fact that thorough medical examination reveals that there is nothing seriously wrong with them

80
Q

factitious disorder

A

individuals deliberately fake or generate the symptoms of illness or injury to gain medical attention

81
Q

factitious disorder imposed on another

A

an individual falsifies illness in another person, most commonly in their child

82
Q

behavioural medicine

A

application of psychology to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, the application of methods of behaviour change to the treatment or prevention of illness

83
Q

health psychology

A

study how psychological factors impact the etiology and treatment of identifiable illness, predict well-being, any application of psychological methods and theories to understand the origins of disease, individual responses to disease, and the determinants of good health

84
Q

mechanism

A

an activity of a living system that mediates the influence of an antecedent factor on disease

85
Q

axis

A

a system of different organs that act together in a cascade of effects

86
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the field of study of how the immune system responds to psychosocial influences

87
Q

problem focused coping

A

attempt to identify and rectify a threat, fact it head on and so what needs to be done to fix the situation

88
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

may involve diverting thoughts or activities, taking drugs to induce different feeling states, avoidance of the feelings and thoughts associated with the stressor

89
Q

PDD

A

depressed mood for most of the day, more days than not, lasting at least 2 years, with 3/6 additional symptoms

90
Q

maina

A

a distinct period elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that lasts at least one week and is accompanied by at least 3 symptoms

91
Q

hypomania

A

less severe form of mania involving a similar number of symptoms that only need to be present for 4 days

92
Q

bipolar I disorder

A

individual has a history of 1+ mania episodes with or without 1+ major depressive episodes

93
Q

bipolar II disorder

A

a history of 1+ hypomania episodes with 1+ major depressive episodes

94
Q

cyclothymia

A

chronic but less severe form of bipolar disorder

95
Q

RCD

A

presence of 4+ manic and/or major depressive episodes in a 12 month period, episodes must be separated by at least 2 months of full or partial remission, or by a switch to the opposite mood state

96
Q

SAD

A

recurrent depressive episodes tied to the changing of seasons

97
Q

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

marked affective lability, irritability/anger, depressed mood and/or anxiety, loss of interest in activities, concentration difficulties, low energy, changes in appetite and/or sleep, feelings of loss of control, and/or physical symptoms

98
Q

five-factor model of personality

A

characterizes human personality on 5 personality types (OCEAN)

99
Q

social learning theory

A

suggests that although classical and operant conditioning experiences are important, the majority of these experiences occur within a social context and are primarily acquired vicariously - by observation of others rather than direct personal experience

100
Q

two-factor theory

A

fears develop through the process of classical conditioning and are maintained through operant conditioning

PSYC 263 definitions 1 (1 decks)

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