PSYC 2301 Exam 1 - FLASHCARDS - Chapter 1

Question 1

What refers to the scientific study of the mind and behavior?

Answer 1

Psychology

Question 2

What do psychologists use to acquire knowledge?

Answer 2

Scientific method

Question 3

What is a tentative explanation proposed by a researcher?

Answer 3

Hypothesis

Question 4

What method for acquiring knowledge is based on observation?

Answer 4

Empirical method

Question 5

When did psychology become its own academic discipline?

Answer 5

Late 1800s

Question 6

Who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist?

Answer 6

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 7

What did Wilhelm Wundt view psychology as?

Answer 7

Wundt viewed psychology as a scientific study of conscious experience.

Question 8

What is introspection?

Answer 8

A process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible.

Question 9

Where did Wundt establish his psychology laboratory?

Answer 9

University at Leipzig in 1879

Question 10

What means that a trait of an organism has a function for survival?

Answer 10

Adaptation

Question 11

What focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment?

Answer 11

Functionalism

Question 12

Who was Sigmund Freud?

Answer 12

Austrian neurologist fascinated by patients suffering from ‘hysteria’ and neurosis.

Question 13

What focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious?

Answer 13

Psychoanalytic theory

Question 14

What is psychoanalysis?

Answer 14

A type of treatment based on the theory that our present is shaped by our past.

Question 15

Who conducted early work in the field of behavior?

Answer 15

Ivan Pavlov

Question 16

What is conditioned reflex?

Answer 16

An unconscious response to a stimulus that is conditioned to produce a response to a different stimulus.

Question 17

What is behaviorism?

Answer 17

Focuses on observable behavior and rejects the study of internal human experiences.

Question 18

Who came up with the idea of behaviorism?

Answer 18

John B. Watson

Question 19

Who spoke of punishment and reinforcement as driving forces of behavior?

Answer 19

B.F. Skinner

Question 20

What is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes human potential?

Answer 20

Humanism

Question 21

Who is best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs?

Answer 21

Abraham Maslow

Question 22

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 22

1. Psychological (food, water, shelter). 2. Security (safety, employment). 3. Social (family, friendship). 4. Esteem (self-worth). 5. Self-actualization (inner fulfillment).

Question 23

What does WEIRD stand for?

Answer 23

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic.

Question 24

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Answer 24

Francis Cecil Sumner

Question 25

Who was the first woman awarded the doctoral degree in psychology?

Answer 25

Margaret Floy Washburn

Question 26

What is a professional organization representing psychologists in the United States?

Answer 26

American Psychological Association (APA)

Question 27

What seeks to advance the scientific orientation of psychology?

Answer 27

Association for Psychological Science (APS)

Question 28

What is the study of how biology influences behavior?

Answer 28

Biopsychology

Question 29

What is clinical psychology?

Answer 29

An area that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Question 30

What is cognitive psychology?

Answer 30

The study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions.

Question 31

What is developmental psychology?

Answer 31

The scientific study of development across a lifespan.

Question 32

What is forensic psychology?

Answer 32

An area that applies psychology to issues within the justice system.

Question 33

What is ology?

Answer 33

Suffix that denotes 'scientific study of.'

Question 34

What is personality psychology?

Answer 34

The study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique.

Question 35

What is a doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives?

Answer 35

PhD

Question 36

What is a doctoral degree that focuses more on application of psychological principles?

Answer 36

PsyD

Question 37

What is sport and exercise psychology?

Answer 37

An area that focuses on the interactions between mental factors and physical performance.

Question 38

What is structuralism?

Answer 38

A psychological theory that focuses on breaking down mental processes into basic components.

Question 39

How many divisions are in the APA?

Answer 39

54

Question 40

What is the five factor model of personality traits?

Answer 40

Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.

Question 41

What focuses on how we interact with and relate to others?

Answer 41

Social psychology

Question 42

Who was Stanley Milgram?

Answer 42

American social psychologist famous for research on obedience.

Question 43

What is industrial-organizational psychology?

Answer 43

A subfield that applies psychological theories in workplace settings.

Question 44

What is psychology?

Answer 44

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Question 45

What is behavior?

Answer 45

Observable actions or responses of an individual.

Question 46

What are mental processes?

Answer 46

Internal cognitive functions such as thinking, perception, and decision-making.

Question 47

What is an experiment in psychology?

Answer 47

A research method that manipulates variables to observe cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 48

What is a case study?

Answer 48

An in-depth investigation of a single individual or group.

Question 49

What is a survey in psychology?

Answer 49

A research method that uses questionnaires or interviews to collect data.

Question 50

What is naturalistic observation?

Answer 50

A research method where behavior is observed in its natural environment.

Question 51

What are the key perspectives in psychology?

Answer 51

Biological, cognitive, behavioral, social-cultural, and evolutionary psychology.

Question 52

Why is psychology considered a science?

Answer 52

It uses systematic methods, observation, and experimentation to study behavior.

Question 53

What are the goals of psychology?

Answer 53

To describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

Question 54

What are the major fields within psychology?

Answer 54

Clinical, counseling, developmental, social, and industrial-organizational psychology.