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Psychology 230 > Psyc 230 Final exam > Flashcards

Psyc 230 Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of signals do neurotransmitters emit?

A

Chemical

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2
Q

What kind of signals do action potentials emit?

A

Electrical

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3
Q

Single Cell Recording

A

technique used to measure changes in voltage in a single neuron

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4
Q

EEG/ERP

A

captures neural activity related to sensory and cognitive processing

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5
Q

MRI/fMRI

A

measures structure using hydrogen/measuring function using hemoglobin

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6
Q

Neuropsychology

A

study of nervous system related to behavior and cognition

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7
Q

Double Dissociation

A

a technique where 2 areas are dissociated by 2 behavior tests that leads to a conclusion about brain function

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8
Q

Broca’s area

A

responsible for speech production.

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9
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

responsible for language comprehension

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10
Q

Spatial Resolution

A

the capacity a technique has to tell you exactly which area of the brain is active

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11
Q

Temporal Resolution

A

ability to tell you exactly when the activation happened

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12
Q

What cortex is responsible for vision?

A

occipital lobe, visual cortex

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13
Q

What cortex is responsible for auditory functions?

A

auditory cortex

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14
Q

What cortex is responsible for motor functions?

A

primary motor, frontal lobe

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15
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

primary sensory cortex

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16
Q

bottom up processing

A

perceptions based on current input

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17
Q

top down processing

A

perceptions based on lived experiences

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18
Q

closure

A

gestalt principle about an item being whole

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19
Q

proximity

A

gestalt principle refers to closeness of object

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20
Q

similarity

A

gestalt principle refers to items looking the same

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21
Q

continuity

A

gestalt principle refers to items being one

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22
Q

connectedness

A

gestalt principle refers to objects being one united figure

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23
Q

Scene Schema

A

objects that are likely to be seen in a specific place (a stove being in a kitchen)

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24
Q

Action, Dorsal

A

Where pathway

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25
Q

Perception, Ventral

A

What pathway

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26
Q

Selective Attention

A

attention is choosing to focus on one thing

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27
Q

Divided Attention

A

attention is split across several things

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28
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

being able to drown out excessive noise and focus in one one stimulus

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29
Q

Overt Attention

A

eyes on specific topic, bottom up processing

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30
Q

Covert Attention

A

not related to eye movements

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31
Q

Dichotic Listening Task

A

requires the subject to shadow, or repeat aloud, a message presented to one ear while ignoring a message presented to the other ear.

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32
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

occurs when an individual fails to perceive an unexpected stimulus in plain sight, purely as a result of a lack of attention rather than any vision defects or deficits.

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33
Q

Change Blindness

A

a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it.

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34
Q

Early vs. Late Selection Theories

A

Early selection advocates argue that the locus of selection is at early stages of processing and that therefore, unattended stimuli are not fully processed. In contrast, late selection theorists argue that attention operates only after stimuli have been fully processed.

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35
Q

Lavie’s Load Theory

A

the quantity of stimuli presented to a person determines how their selective attention system will function – whether they will be more or less distractible

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36
Q

Stimulus Salience Effect

A

how obvious or prominent a stimulus is in a person’s environment. If a person has visual deficits, then visual stimulus will not have as much salience as auditory stimulus.

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37
Q

Scene Schema Effect

A

organize memory based of what you know to be true about an environment

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38
Q

two types of Sensory Memory

A

Iconic and Echoic

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39
Q

Iconic Memory

A

brief visual stimuli that decays in less than one second

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40
Q

Echoic Memory

A

brief auditory stimuli that decays in ~10 seconds

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41
Q

Short Term memory capacity and duration

A

5-9 items for 12-20 secs

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42
Q

Chuncking

A

grouping together connecting things so they can be stored as one

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43
Q

Long Term memory

A

memory for years

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44
Q

Working memory

A

limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks

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45
Q

Phonological Loop

A

holds a limited amount of audio info for a few seconds

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46
Q

Rehersal

A

repeating items mentally to prevent it from decaying

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47
Q

Phonological Similarity

A

confusion of letters and words that sound the same

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48
Q

Word Length Effect

A

memory for lists with short words is better than memory of lists with long words

49
Q

Articulatory Suppression

A

reduced memory when speaking an irrelevant sound

50
Q

Visual spatial Sketchpad

A

hold visual and spatial information

51
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to recall the first and last items of a series best and the middle items the worst

52
Q

primacy vs recency

A

better memory for words at the beginning of the list vs. the end

53
Q

2 types of explicit memory

A

episodic and semantic memory

54
Q

episodic memory

A

memory of personal events

55
Q

semantic memory

A

memory of facts

56
Q

3 types of implicit memory

A

procedural memory, priming (repetition vs. associative), and conditioning

57
Q

Procedural memory

A

task memories

58
Q

repetition priming

A

improved processing of a stimulus when that stimulus, or a similar one, is repeated compared to when it appears the first time

59
Q

associative priming

A

using two stimuli that are normally associated with one another. For example, “cat” and “mouse”

60
Q

encoding

A

the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing

61
Q

levels of processing theory

A

Deep processing is more effective than shallow

62
Q

active testing vs. passive studying

A

actively making flashcards is better than reading your notes

63
Q

spacing effect

A

learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out

64
Q

retrieval practice

A

better memory when you have to retrieve answers (testing effect)

65
Q

encoding specificity

A

the theory that memory retrieval is improved when the encoding context is the same as the retrieval context

66
Q

state dependent learning

A

memory is best when a person is in the same internal state they were in when learning the information

67
Q

transfer appropriate processing

A

state-dependent memory specifically showing that memory performance is not only determined by the depth of processing, but by the relationship between how information is initially encoded and how it is later retrieved

68
Q

fragility of memory

A

we are subject to forgetting and memory is not always as accurate as we would like to believe

69
Q

autobiographical memory

A

memory for specific life events, can include semantic and episodic

70
Q

self-relevance impact on memory

A

events with greater self importance are remembered better

71
Q

timing of event impact on memory (reminiscence bump)

A

better memory for adolescence and early adulthood

72
Q

Emotionality (flashbulb memories)

A

vivid memory of shocking events

73
Q

Source monitoring error

A

mis identifying source of memory

74
Q

illusory truth effect

A

more likely to believe something you have heard over and over

75
Q

misinformation effect

A

misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event

76
Q

false memories

A

a phenomenon where someone recalls something that did not actually happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually happened.

77
Q

error of familiarity

A

falsely recognize bystander as a perpetrator

78
Q

acquisition of language

A

can lead to memory errors if coming from a cop or detective on a crime scene.

79
Q

hierarchy of language

A

phonemes, morphemes, words, sentences, text

80
Q

lexicon

A

mental dictionary of all the words we know

81
Q

syntax

A

rules for combing words

82
Q

semantics

A

meaning of words

83
Q

Phonology

A

pronunciation of words

84
Q

orthography

A

spelling of words

85
Q

word frequency effect

A

words that are said more often (higher frequency) are

86
Q

word predictability

A

knowing what words will come next because of learned experiences

87
Q

Lexical Ambiguity

A

happens when a word has more than one meaning, causing a word or phrase to be interpreted differently from how the speaker or writer intended

88
Q

Parsing

A

mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases to understand meaning

89
Q

Garden Path Sentences

A

best on the best guess of syntactic structure

90
Q

Anaphoric Inference

A

connection between an object or person in another sentence

91
Q

Casual Inference

A

events in separate clauses related

92
Q

Gestalt approach to problem solving

A
  1. represent the problem
  2. reorganizing or structuring the representation
93
Q

representation and restructuring

A

Gestalt approach

94
Q

insight problem

A

problem solved with sudden comprehension

95
Q

analytical problem

A

solved by systematic process, using techniques learned in the past

96
Q

mental set

A

preconceived notion about how to solve a problem based on what has worked in the past

97
Q

functional fixedness

A

assumption that because an object has a fixed purpose it can’t be used for anything else

98
Q

analogical problem solving

A

Noticing, mapping, applying

99
Q

Information processing approach

A

viewed problem as states that make up “problem space”

100
Q

initial state of problem

A

where you are at the start of the problem

101
Q

goal state

A

where you want to be when you finish solving a problem

102
Q

intermediate state

A

where you are between the initial state and goal state

103
Q

operators

A

the things that get you from one goal to the next

104
Q

subgoals

A

smaller goals before the goal state

105
Q

experts vs. novices

A

experts spend more time analyzing then attempting to solve. Novices are more likely to find a new solution because of trial and error

106
Q

inductive reasoning

A

drawing general conclusions through observations

107
Q

deductive reasoning

A

drawing a specific conclusion that logically follows from statements

108
Q

heuristics

A

type of inductive reasoning: mental shortcuts we use that are usually correct

109
Q

availability heuristic

A

events that come to mind more easily are deemed more probable than events hard to recall

110
Q

representative heuristic

A

we categorize things based on how well it resembles the properties we believe to be true of that category

111
Q

syllogism

A

2 broad statements followed by a third

112
Q

truth vs. validity

A

is it true? vs. is it valid?

113
Q

categorical sylloisms

A

a particular kind of argument containing three categorical propositions, two of them premises, one a conclusion

114
Q

belief bias

A

tendency to think a syllogism is valid if it’s conclusion is believable or that it is invalid if the conclusion is not believeable

115
Q

conditional syllogisms

A

“if… then statement” (if the conditions apply, then this is true)

116
Q

rational decision making

A

expected to lead to a beneficial result

117
Q

dual systems approach

A

Two mental thinking systems: System 1 and System 2

118
Q

System 1 vs System 2

A

System 1 is fast and unconscious while System 2 is slower, controlled, and reflective

Psychology 230 (1 decks)

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