Psyc 230 Final exam Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What kind of signals do neurotransmitters emit?
A
Chemical
2
Q
What kind of signals do action potentials emit?
A
Electrical
3
Q
Single Cell Recording
A
technique used to measure changes in voltage in a single neuron
4
Q
EEG/ERP
A
captures neural activity related to sensory and cognitive processing
5
Q
MRI/fMRI
A
measures structure using hydrogen/measuring function using hemoglobin
6
Q
Neuropsychology
A
study of nervous system related to behavior and cognition
7
Q
Double Dissociation
A
a technique where 2 areas are dissociated by 2 behavior tests that leads to a conclusion about brain function
8
Q
Broca’s area
A
responsible for speech production.
9
Q
Wernicke’s Area
A
responsible for language comprehension
10
Q
Spatial Resolution
A
the capacity a technique has to tell you exactly which area of the brain is active
11
Q
Temporal Resolution
A
ability to tell you exactly when the activation happened
12
Q
What cortex is responsible for vision?
A
occipital lobe, visual cortex
13
Q
What cortex is responsible for auditory functions?
A
auditory cortex
14
Q
What cortex is responsible for motor functions?
A
primary motor, frontal lobe
15
Q
Where is the somatosensory cortex?
A
primary sensory cortex
16
Q
bottom up processing
A
perceptions based on current input
17
Q
top down processing
A
perceptions based on lived experiences
18
Q
closure
A
gestalt principle about an item being whole
19
Q
proximity
A
gestalt principle refers to closeness of object
20
Q
similarity
A
gestalt principle refers to items looking the same
21
Q
continuity
A
gestalt principle refers to items being one
22
Q
connectedness
A
gestalt principle refers to objects being one united figure
23
Q
Scene Schema
A
objects that are likely to be seen in a specific place (a stove being in a kitchen)
24
Q
Action, Dorsal
A
Where pathway
25
Perception, Ventral
What pathway
26
Selective Attention
attention is choosing to focus on one thing
27
Divided Attention
attention is split across several things
28
Cocktail Party Effect
being able to drown out excessive noise and focus in one one stimulus
29
Overt Attention
eyes on specific topic, bottom up processing
30
Covert Attention
not related to eye movements
31
Dichotic Listening Task
requires the subject to shadow, or repeat aloud, a message presented to one ear while ignoring a message presented to the other ear.
32
Inattentional Blindness
occurs when an individual fails to perceive an unexpected stimulus in plain sight, purely as a result of a lack of attention rather than any vision defects or deficits.
33
Change Blindness
a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it.
34
Early vs. Late Selection Theories
Early selection advocates argue that the locus of selection is at early stages of processing and that therefore, unattended stimuli are not fully processed. In contrast, late selection theorists argue that attention operates only after stimuli have been fully processed.
35
Lavie's Load Theory
the quantity of stimuli presented to a person determines how their selective attention system will function – whether they will be more or less distractible
36
Stimulus Salience Effect
how obvious or prominent a stimulus is in a person's environment. If a person has visual deficits, then visual stimulus will not have as much salience as auditory stimulus.
37
Scene Schema Effect
organize memory based of what you know to be true about an environment
38
two types of Sensory Memory
Iconic and Echoic
39
Iconic Memory
brief visual stimuli that decays in less than one second
40
Echoic Memory
brief auditory stimuli that decays in ~10 seconds
41
Short Term memory capacity and duration
5-9 items for 12-20 secs
42
Chuncking
grouping together connecting things so they can be stored as one
43
Long Term memory
memory for years
44
Working memory
limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks
45
Phonological Loop
holds a limited amount of audio info for a few seconds
46
Rehersal
repeating items mentally to prevent it from decaying
47
Phonological Similarity
confusion of letters and words that sound the same
48
Word Length Effect
memory for lists with short words is better than memory of lists with long words
49
Articulatory Suppression
reduced memory when speaking an irrelevant sound
50
Visual spatial Sketchpad
hold visual and spatial information
51
serial position effect
tendency to recall the first and last items of a series best and the middle items the worst
52
primacy vs recency
better memory for words at the beginning of the list vs. the end
53
2 types of explicit memory
episodic and semantic memory
54
episodic memory
memory of personal events
55
semantic memory
memory of facts
56
3 types of implicit memory
procedural memory, priming (repetition vs. associative), and conditioning
57
Procedural memory
task memories
58
repetition priming
improved processing of a stimulus when that stimulus, or a similar one, is repeated compared to when it appears the first time
59
associative priming
using two stimuli that are normally associated with one another. For example, "cat" and "mouse"
60
encoding
the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing
61
levels of processing theory
Deep processing is more effective than shallow
62
active testing vs. passive studying
actively making flashcards is better than reading your notes
63
spacing effect
learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out
64
retrieval practice
better memory when you have to retrieve answers (testing effect)
65
encoding specificity
the theory that memory retrieval is improved when the encoding context is the same as the retrieval context
66
state dependent learning
memory is best when a person is in the same internal state they were in when learning the information
67
transfer appropriate processing
state-dependent memory specifically showing that memory performance is not only determined by the depth of processing, but by the relationship between how information is initially encoded and how it is later retrieved
68
fragility of memory
we are subject to forgetting and memory is not always as accurate as we would like to believe
69
autobiographical memory
memory for specific life events, can include semantic and episodic
70
self-relevance impact on memory
events with greater self importance are remembered better
71
timing of event impact on memory (reminiscence bump)
better memory for adolescence and early adulthood
72
Emotionality (flashbulb memories)
vivid memory of shocking events
73
Source monitoring error
mis identifying source of memory
74
illusory truth effect
more likely to believe something you have heard over and over
75
misinformation effect
misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event
76
false memories
a phenomenon where someone recalls something that did not actually happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually happened.
77
error of familiarity
falsely recognize bystander as a perpetrator
78
acquisition of language
can lead to memory errors if coming from a cop or detective on a crime scene.
79
hierarchy of language
phonemes, morphemes, words, sentences, text
80
lexicon
mental dictionary of all the words we know
81
syntax
rules for combing words
82
semantics
meaning of words
83
Phonology
pronunciation of words
84
orthography
spelling of words
85
word frequency effect
words that are said more often (higher frequency) are
86
word predictability
knowing what words will come next because of learned experiences
87
Lexical Ambiguity
happens when a word has more than one meaning, causing a word or phrase to be interpreted differently from how the speaker or writer intended
88
Parsing
mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases to understand meaning
89
Garden Path Sentences
best on the best guess of syntactic structure
90
Anaphoric Inference
connection between an object or person in another sentence
91
Casual Inference
events in separate clauses related
92
Gestalt approach to problem solving
1. represent the problem
2. reorganizing or structuring the representation
93
representation and restructuring
Gestalt approach
94
insight problem
problem solved with sudden comprehension
95
analytical problem
solved by systematic process, using techniques learned in the past
96
mental set
preconceived notion about how to solve a problem based on what has worked in the past
97
functional fixedness
assumption that because an object has a fixed purpose it can't be used for anything else
98
analogical problem solving
Noticing, mapping, applying
99
Information processing approach
viewed problem as states that make up "problem space"
100
initial state of problem
where you are at the start of the problem
101
goal state
where you want to be when you finish solving a problem
102
intermediate state
where you are between the initial state and goal state
103
operators
the things that get you from one goal to the next
104
subgoals
smaller goals before the goal state
105
experts vs. novices
experts spend more time analyzing then attempting to solve. Novices are more likely to find a new solution because of trial and error
106
inductive reasoning
drawing general conclusions through observations
107
deductive reasoning
drawing a specific conclusion that logically follows from statements
108
heuristics
type of inductive reasoning: mental shortcuts we use that are usually correct
109
availability heuristic
events that come to mind more easily are deemed more probable than events hard to recall
110
representative heuristic
we categorize things based on how well it resembles the properties we believe to be true of that category
111
syllogism
2 broad statements followed by a third
112
truth vs. validity
is it true? vs. is it valid?
113
categorical sylloisms
a particular kind of argument containing three categorical propositions, two of them premises, one a conclusion
114
belief bias
tendency to think a syllogism is valid if it's conclusion is believable or that it is invalid if the conclusion is not believeable
115
conditional syllogisms
"if... then statement" (if the conditions apply, then this is true)
116
rational decision making
expected to lead to a beneficial result
117
dual systems approach
Two mental thinking systems: System 1 and System 2
118
System 1 vs System 2
System 1 is fast and unconscious while System 2 is slower, controlled, and reflective
