PSYC 110: Exam #1 Flashcards
Definition of abnormal behavior:
Anything that is not normal. There is so single or simple definition.
What is current system of classifying behavior?
A set of guidelines (the DSM-IV-TR) that are interpreted by a clinician assessing as particular client.
What are the properties of Abnormal Behavior?
Subjective sense of distress, Impairment in functioning, behavior becomes outside some “acceptable” boundary
Describe “subjective sense of distress”
Experienced as uncomfortable, and may not always be present. Important property of abnormal behavior.
Describe “Impairment in functioning”
Impairment in social role function, a chosen role, and it may not be present. mportant property of abnormal behavior.
Describe “behavior becomes outside some “acceptable” boundary
This is defined within a culture. What is normal in one culture is not normal in another. This is not sufficient to diagnose a disorder.
What is “Zeitgeist?”
“the spirit of the times.” This means that abnormal changes within different cultures and within different times. (EX: homosexulality is a disorder or an accepted lifestyle based on the culture, AND the time, because the acceptance may change within a culture throughout time.
Continuity versus discontinuity models (quality vs. quantity model)
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The idea that all behaviors an/or thoughts take place on a bell curve graph, and every exhibits a behavior to varying degrees.
Define normal behavior. What are some problems with this definition?
“Any behavior that is not abnormal.” This is circuitous and non-difinitional. Normal is being researched as psychological well-being, positive psychology, and psychological health.
List the pros and cons of Labeling Behaviors.
Pros: useful shorthand means of communicating.
Cons: Negative effects on the person involved. Society’s attitude toward the person can change.
What were some historically theorized causes of abnormal behavior?
Evil spirits, spiritual possession, and somatogenic causes.
What is a Trephine and what was it’s original purpose.
A surgery that involved drilling holes in people’s heads to free the evil spirits, and thus cure abnormal behavior.
What does Somatogenic mean, and what does it have to do with psychology.
Soma=body.
The idea that abnormal behavior is caused by something physically wrong, or a somatic cause.
Describe Hippocrates’ theory of the humors.
Believed that abnormal behavior was caused by a imbalance of the four humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.
What is the Greek idea of Hysteria?
Hysterical behavior found in women (mainly virgins and widows) was due to a roaming uterus. The cure was marriage for sex and babies.
What is General Paresis?
A mental disorder that was actually the advanced stages of syphilis. As brain deteriorates, the victim loses functioning. This is a biologically caused mental illness.
Psychogenic causes
something wrong with the spirits or the psyche.
Dualistic beliefs
The idea that the body and mind are separate, and thus treated separately.
Galen and melancholy people
He believed that disorders not necessarily caused by unbalanced humors, but by being troubled by unwillingness to confess a troubling secret.
morality, sin, choice
Thought to be the causes of mental illness in medieval Europe.
Moral Therapy
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Mental asylums
Filled with lepers and the poor. no treatment was given, and inmates were locked up and chained up.
Reform movement
Changed mental asylums during the french revolution. Led by Pinel, Quakers.
Pinel
France. Discovered that removing chains from mental asylums has a positive effect on sufferers.
Quakers
England. Used country home setting for the mentally ill and found that they functioned better.
Benjamin Rush (1700s)
U.S. Father of American Psychiatry. Advanced humane treatment of the mentally ill and provided hospital treatments with social activities and teaching social skills.
Dorothea Dix (1800s)
U.S. Pioneered humane treatment in the US. Lobbied for and established new and humane hospitals for the mentally disturbed.
Insulin shock
insulin coma to produce seizures to make them better. Bad.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Shocking the patients head until it caused convulsions to help the patient. Based on false observations that epileptics were not also schizophrenics. Partly bad.
Lobotomies
popular thru 1950’s. Illegal in some states. Cut two sides of brain in half.
Advent of neuroleptic meds in 1950s
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psychotherapy
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Psychiatrists and Psychologists
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Psychiatrists (MDs) and medications
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Psychologists (PhDs)
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Masters → MFT or LCSW
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Preventing Disorders and promoting Mental Health
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New approach to psychopathology
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Community mental health approach
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• Definition of a paradigm
o Psychological paradigm
o Properties of each paradigm in abnormal psychology
o What a paradigm will determine
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• Main paradigms
o Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic o Humanistic/Existential o Behavioral/Learning o Cognitive o Biological aa
• Cultural roots of paradigms
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• Important classic research study by Langer & Abelson (1974) on factors affecting classification
o Results of this study and why this matters
o Context and paradigm of clinician
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o Role of the unconscious in suffering
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o Basic structure of the mind
• Id
• Ego
• Superego
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o Psychosexual development • Oral • Anal • Phallic • Genital
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o Resolution of crises • Expression of distress through ego defenses or defense mechanisms (reasons for using ego defense mechanisms) • Repression • Fixation • Rationalization
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o symptoms of distress
• disease model of psychopathology
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o Assumptions of curative factors in psychoanalytic theory
• Challenges to these assumptions
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• Neo-Freudians
o Alfred Adler
o C. G. Jung
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• Neo-Freudians
o Alfred Adler
o C. G. Jung
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• Humanistic or Existential Traditions o Psychopathology origins • Sources of anxiety o Assumptions of curative factors • Fully functioning person • Self-actualization
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• Humanistic or Existential Traditions o Psychopathology origins • Sources of anxiety o Assumptions of curative factors • Fully functioning person • Self-actualization
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• Cognitive Approaches o Assumptions of psychopathology • Negative cognitive triad • Cognitive distortions • Defective core schema • Cognitive Therapy (CT) o Aaron Beck and assumptions of curative factors • Challenges
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• Cognitive Approaches o Assumptions of psychopathology • Negative cognitive triad • Cognitive distortions • Defective core schema • Cognitive Therapy (CT) o Aaron Beck and assumptions of curative factors • Challenges
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• Behavioral or Learning Models o Origins of pathology o Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned stimulus (US) • Unconditioned response (UR) • Conditioned stimulus (CS) • Conditioned response (CR) • Extinction in Classical Conditioning • Spontaneous recovery • Use of classical conditioning in explaining phobias
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• Behavioral or Learning Models o Origins of pathology o Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned stimulus (US) • Unconditioned response (UR) • Conditioned stimulus (CS) • Conditioned response (CR) • Extinction in Classical Conditioning • Spontaneous recovery • Use of classical conditioning in explaining phobias
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• Operant Learning (Instrumental learning) A-B-C’s of learning o Antecedent, Behavior, Consequences o Stimulus-Response-Reinforcers of learning o SD * R à SR o Discriminative stimulus (SD) o Reinforcers o Punishers o Function of responses o Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement o Escape conditioning o Avoidance conditioning o Extinction in Operant Conditioning o Punishment • Problems with punishment
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• Behavioral Assumptions of curative factors o Challenges o Systematic Desensitization o Exposure Therapies o Behavioral Activation o Behavior Rehearsal
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• Cognitive Behavioral Treatments
o Evidence for which aspect accounts for the majority of the outcome for CBT (e.g., Jacobson et al., 1996)
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• Cognitive Behavioral Treatments
o Evidence for which aspect accounts for the majority of the outcome for CBT (e.g., Jacobson et al., 1996)
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• Contemporary Behavior Therapies
o Focus on escape and avoidance of psychological events
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• Biological Approaches o Assumptions of psychopathology • disease model of psychopathology o Assumptions of curative factors • neurotransmitter levels o Drug therapies o Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) o Psychosurgery o Challenges
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- Nature of Science
- Way of knowing the world
- What science values and demands
- Whether science is value free
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• Descriptive Research o Epidemiological research o Incidence o Prevalence o Retrospective studies o Prospective studies • Longitudinal study
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• Case Studies o narratives o usefulness o Main problems of case studies o Biases in case studies
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• Correlational Research o Correlation coefficient o r or R and its range o Positive and negative correlations o Zero correlation o Correlations and Causality • Third variables • Direction of causality (X might cause Y vs. Y might cause X) • Spurious relationships
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• Experimentation o Begin with a hypothesis o Independent variable • Types of an IV • Manipulated IV • quasi-experimental design o Dependent variable o confounding variables o Control condition o Random assignment to conditions • stratifying participants o Internal validity • Placebo effect o External validity o Clinical Efficacy Trails o Clinical Effectiveness Trials o Statistical significance testing o Clinical significance testing o Limits to Group Designs
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• Single Subject Designs o repeated o Baseline o Level (2 points?) o Variability (3?) o Trend / stability (4?) o ABAB design o Multiple Baseline Approach • Strengths of MB design and what it can do o Places we see single subject designs
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• Human Subjects Committee o Internal Review Board (HSIRB) o Risk o Deception o Confidentiality of data
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• Foundation of Clinical Psychology • Classification • Assessment • Dependence of paradigm employed • Statistical Basis for Abnormality o Pros and cons
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• Physiological Paradigm
o The medical model
o The disease model
o Emil Kraepelin
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• Debate on applicability of biological models to psychological systems
o Problems with Disease Model
o Thomas Szasz
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• Diagnosis & Classification o Reasons for diagnosing o Diagnostic validity o Predictive validity o Discriminant validity o Diagnostic reliability o Factors which decrease reliability • Push to standardize interview process and its success
LFRE
• The DSM
o Currently DSM-IV-TR (text revision, 2000)
o Published by American Psychiatric Association
o Assumes which model?
o Positive aspects
o Negative aspects
o Multiaxial system
• Know what goes on Axis I, II, III, IV, and V
• Global Assessment of Functioning
o Criticisms of the DSM System
o Percentage of people who have a disorder in their lifetime
o Sub-syndromal cases
o Possible Alternatives to DSM and why there would be large challenges to this
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• Psychological Assessment o Goal of psychological assessment o Techniques of assessment o Clinical interviews o Psychological Tests o Projective personality tests • Rorschach Inkblot test • Thematic Apperception Test • Problems of these tests o Personality inventories • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory • Validity scales • Clinical scales
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• Behavioral Assessment
o SORC model
o individual target behaviors and goals
o populations where this is used
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• Medical Student Syndrome
o Symptoms
o Pathognomonic signs
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Alfred Aldler
focus on struggle for superiority inferiority. Childhood events were important. Examined birth order and family structure. Interested in the unconscious mind. a neo-Freudian.
C.G. Jung
collective unconscious. anima=femal side. Animus= male side. shadow side. Neo-Freudian.
