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PSYC 110: Abnormal Psychology > PSYC 110: Exam #1 > Flashcards

PSYC 110: Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of abnormal behavior:

A

Anything that is not normal. There is so single or simple definition.

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2
Q

What is current system of classifying behavior?

A

A set of guidelines (the DSM-IV-TR) that are interpreted by a clinician assessing as particular client.

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3
Q

What are the properties of Abnormal Behavior?

A

Subjective sense of distress, Impairment in functioning, behavior becomes outside some “acceptable” boundary

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4
Q

Describe “subjective sense of distress”

A

Experienced as uncomfortable, and may not always be present. Important property of abnormal behavior.

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5
Q

Describe “Impairment in functioning”

A

Impairment in social role function, a chosen role, and it may not be present. mportant property of abnormal behavior.

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6
Q

Describe “behavior becomes outside some “acceptable” boundary

A

This is defined within a culture. What is normal in one culture is not normal in another. This is not sufficient to diagnose a disorder.

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7
Q

What is “Zeitgeist?”

A

“the spirit of the times.” This means that abnormal changes within different cultures and within different times. (EX: homosexulality is a disorder or an accepted lifestyle based on the culture, AND the time, because the acceptance may change within a culture throughout time.

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8
Q

Continuity versus discontinuity models (quality vs. quantity model)
•

A

The idea that all behaviors an/or thoughts take place on a bell curve graph, and every exhibits a behavior to varying degrees.

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9
Q

Define normal behavior. What are some problems with this definition?

A

“Any behavior that is not abnormal.” This is circuitous and non-difinitional. Normal is being researched as psychological well-being, positive psychology, and psychological health.

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10
Q

List the pros and cons of Labeling Behaviors.

A

Pros: useful shorthand means of communicating.
Cons: Negative effects on the person involved. Society’s attitude toward the person can change.

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11
Q

What were some historically theorized causes of abnormal behavior?

A

Evil spirits, spiritual possession, and somatogenic causes.

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12
Q

What is a Trephine and what was it’s original purpose.

A

A surgery that involved drilling holes in people’s heads to free the evil spirits, and thus cure abnormal behavior.

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13
Q

What does Somatogenic mean, and what does it have to do with psychology.

A

Soma=body.

The idea that abnormal behavior is caused by something physically wrong, or a somatic cause.

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14
Q

Describe Hippocrates’ theory of the humors.

A

Believed that abnormal behavior was caused by a imbalance of the four humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.

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15
Q

What is the Greek idea of Hysteria?

A

Hysterical behavior found in women (mainly virgins and widows) was due to a roaming uterus. The cure was marriage for sex and babies.

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16
Q

What is General Paresis?

A

A mental disorder that was actually the advanced stages of syphilis. As brain deteriorates, the victim loses functioning. This is a biologically caused mental illness.

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17
Q

Psychogenic causes

A

something wrong with the spirits or the psyche.

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18
Q

Dualistic beliefs

A

The idea that the body and mind are separate, and thus treated separately.

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19
Q

Galen and melancholy people

A

He believed that disorders not necessarily caused by unbalanced humors, but by being troubled by unwillingness to confess a troubling secret.

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20
Q

morality, sin, choice

A

Thought to be the causes of mental illness in medieval Europe.

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21
Q

Moral Therapy

A

??????????????????????

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22
Q

Mental asylums

A

Filled with lepers and the poor. no treatment was given, and inmates were locked up and chained up.

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23
Q

Reform movement

A

Changed mental asylums during the french revolution. Led by Pinel, Quakers.

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24
Q

Pinel

A

France. Discovered that removing chains from mental asylums has a positive effect on sufferers.

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25
Q

Quakers

A

England. Used country home setting for the mentally ill and found that they functioned better.

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26
Q

Benjamin Rush (1700s)

A

U.S. Father of American Psychiatry. Advanced humane treatment of the mentally ill and provided hospital treatments with social activities and teaching social skills.

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27
Q

Dorothea Dix (1800s)

A

U.S. Pioneered humane treatment in the US. Lobbied for and established new and humane hospitals for the mentally disturbed.

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28
Q

Insulin shock

A

insulin coma to produce seizures to make them better. Bad.

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29
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

Shocking the patients head until it caused convulsions to help the patient. Based on false observations that epileptics were not also schizophrenics. Partly bad.

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30
Q

Lobotomies

A

popular thru 1950’s. Illegal in some states. Cut two sides of brain in half.

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31
Q

Advent of neuroleptic meds in 1950s

A

///

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32
Q

psychotherapy

A

///

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33
Q

Psychiatrists and Psychologists

A

///

34
Q

Psychiatrists (MDs) and medications

A

//

35
Q

Psychologists (PhDs)

A

///

36
Q

Masters → MFT or LCSW

A

///

37
Q

Preventing Disorders and promoting Mental Health

A

///

38
Q

New approach to psychopathology

A

//

39
Q

Community mental health approach

A

//

40
Q

• Definition of a paradigm
o Psychological paradigm
o Properties of each paradigm in abnormal psychology
o What a paradigm will determine

A

aa

41
Q

• Main paradigms

A 
o	Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic 
o	Humanistic/Existential
o	Behavioral/Learning
o	Cognitive
o	Biological 
aa
42
Q

• Cultural roots of paradigms

A

aa

43
Q

• Important classic research study by Langer & Abelson (1974) on factors affecting classification
o Results of this study and why this matters
o Context and paradigm of clinician

A

a

44
Q

o Role of the unconscious in suffering

A

a

45
Q

o Basic structure of the mind
• Id
• Ego
• Superego

A

a

46
Q 
o	Psychosexual development 
•	Oral 
•	Anal
•	Phallic
•	Genital
A

a

47
Q 
o	Resolution of crises 
•	Expression of distress through ego defenses or defense mechanisms (reasons for using ego defense mechanisms)
•	Repression
•	Fixation
•	Rationalization
A

a

48
Q

o symptoms of distress

• disease model of psychopathology

A

a

49
Q

o Assumptions of curative factors in psychoanalytic theory

• Challenges to these assumptions

A

a

50
Q

• Neo-Freudians
o Alfred Adler
o C. G. Jung

A

a

51
Q

• Neo-Freudians
o Alfred Adler
o C. G. Jung

A

a

52
Q 
•	Humanistic or Existential Traditions
o	Psychopathology origins 
•	Sources of anxiety
o	Assumptions of curative factors
•	Fully functioning person
•	Self-actualization
A

a

53
Q 
•	Humanistic or Existential Traditions
o	Psychopathology origins 
•	Sources of anxiety
o	Assumptions of curative factors
•	Fully functioning person
•	Self-actualization
A

a

54
Q 
•	Cognitive Approaches 
o	Assumptions of psychopathology
•	Negative cognitive triad 
•	Cognitive distortions
•	Defective core schema
•	Cognitive Therapy (CT) 
o	Aaron Beck and assumptions of curative factors
•	Challenges
A

a

55
Q 
•	Cognitive Approaches 
o	Assumptions of psychopathology
•	Negative cognitive triad 
•	Cognitive distortions
•	Defective core schema
•	Cognitive Therapy (CT) 
o	Aaron Beck and assumptions of curative factors
•	Challenges
A

a

56
Q 
•	Behavioral or Learning Models
o	Origins of pathology
o	Classical Conditioning
•	Unconditioned stimulus (US)
•	Unconditioned response (UR)
•	Conditioned stimulus (CS)
•	Conditioned response (CR)
•	Extinction in Classical Conditioning
•	Spontaneous recovery 
•	Use of classical conditioning in explaining phobias
A

a

57
Q 
•	Behavioral or Learning Models
o	Origins of pathology
o	Classical Conditioning
•	Unconditioned stimulus (US)
•	Unconditioned response (UR)
•	Conditioned stimulus (CS)
•	Conditioned response (CR)
•	Extinction in Classical Conditioning
•	Spontaneous recovery 
•	Use of classical conditioning in explaining phobias
A

a

58
Q 
•	Operant Learning (Instrumental learning) A-B-C’s of learning
o	Antecedent, Behavior, Consequences
o	Stimulus-Response-Reinforcers of learning
o	SD * R à SR 
o	Discriminative stimulus (SD)
o	Reinforcers 
o	Punishers 
o	Function of responses
o	Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement
o	Escape conditioning
o	Avoidance conditioning
o	Extinction in Operant Conditioning
o	Punishment
•	Problems with punishment
A

a

59
Q 
•	Behavioral Assumptions of curative factors
o	Challenges
o	Systematic Desensitization
o	Exposure Therapies
o	Behavioral Activation
o	Behavior Rehearsal
A

a

60
Q

• Cognitive Behavioral Treatments

o Evidence for which aspect accounts for the majority of the outcome for CBT (e.g., Jacobson et al., 1996)

A

a

61
Q

• Cognitive Behavioral Treatments

o Evidence for which aspect accounts for the majority of the outcome for CBT (e.g., Jacobson et al., 1996)

A

a

62
Q

• Contemporary Behavior Therapies

o Focus on escape and avoidance of psychological events

A

a

63
Q 
•	Biological Approaches
o	Assumptions of psychopathology
•	disease model of psychopathology
o	Assumptions of curative factors
•	neurotransmitter levels 
o	Drug therapies
o	Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) 
o	Psychosurgery
o	Challenges
A

a

64
Q
  • Nature of Science
  • Way of knowing the world
  • What science values and demands
  • Whether science is value free
A

a

65
Q 
•	Descriptive Research
o	Epidemiological research 
o	Incidence 	
o	Prevalence 	
o	Retrospective studies
o	Prospective studies 
•	Longitudinal study
A

a

66
Q 
•	Case Studies
o	narratives
o	usefulness 
o	Main problems of case studies
o	Biases in case studies
A

a

67
Q 
•	Correlational Research
o	Correlation coefficient 
o	r or R and its range
o	Positive and negative correlations
o	Zero correlation
o	Correlations and Causality
•	Third variables
•	Direction of causality (X might cause Y vs. Y might cause X)
•	Spurious relationships
A

a

68
Q 
•	Experimentation
o	Begin with a hypothesis 
o	Independent variable 
•	Types of an IV
•	Manipulated IV 
•	quasi-experimental design
o	Dependent variable
o	confounding variables
o	Control condition
o	Random assignment to conditions
•	stratifying participants
o	Internal validity 
•	Placebo effect 
o	External validity 
o	Clinical Efficacy Trails 
o	Clinical Effectiveness Trials 
o	Statistical significance testing
o	Clinical significance testing 
o	Limits to Group Designs
A

a

69
Q 
•	Single Subject Designs 
o	repeated 
o	Baseline
o	Level (2 points?)
o	Variability (3?)
o	Trend / stability (4?) 
o	ABAB design  
o	Multiple Baseline Approach   
•	Strengths of MB design and what it can do
o	Places we see single subject designs
A

a

70
Q 
•	Human Subjects Committee
o	Internal Review Board (HSIRB)
o	Risk 
o	Deception 
o	Confidentiality of data
A

a

71
Q 
•	Foundation of Clinical Psychology 
•	Classification
•	Assessment
•	Dependence of paradigm employed 
•	Statistical Basis for Abnormality
o	Pros and cons
A

a

72
Q

• Physiological Paradigm
o The medical model
o The disease model
o Emil Kraepelin

A

a

73
Q

• Debate on applicability of biological models to psychological systems
o Problems with Disease Model
o Thomas Szasz

A

a

74
Q 
•	Diagnosis & Classification
o	Reasons for diagnosing
o	Diagnostic validity
o	Predictive validity 
o	Discriminant validity 
o	Diagnostic reliability 
o	Factors which decrease reliability 
•	Push to standardize interview process and its success
A

LFRE

75
Q

• The DSM
o Currently DSM-IV-TR (text revision, 2000)
o Published by American Psychiatric Association
o Assumes which model?
o Positive aspects
o Negative aspects
o Multiaxial system
• Know what goes on Axis I, II, III, IV, and V
• Global Assessment of Functioning
o Criticisms of the DSM System
o Percentage of people who have a disorder in their lifetime
o Sub-syndromal cases
o Possible Alternatives to DSM and why there would be large challenges to this

A

a

76
Q 
•	Psychological Assessment 
o	Goal of psychological assessment 
o	Techniques of assessment 
o	Clinical interviews
o	Psychological Tests
o	Projective personality tests
•	Rorschach Inkblot test
•	Thematic Apperception Test 
•	Problems of these tests
o	Personality inventories
•	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
•	Validity scales 
•	Clinical scales
A

a

77
Q

• Behavioral Assessment
o SORC model
o individual target behaviors and goals
o populations where this is used

A

a

78
Q

• Medical Student Syndrome
o Symptoms
o Pathognomonic signs

A

//

79
Q

Alfred Aldler

A

focus on struggle for superiority inferiority. Childhood events were important. Examined birth order and family structure. Interested in the unconscious mind. a neo-Freudian.

80
Q

C.G. Jung

A

collective unconscious. anima=femal side. Animus= male side. shadow side. Neo-Freudian.

PSYC 110: Abnormal Psychology (2 decks)

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