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PSYC 102 > PSYC 102: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

PSYC 102: Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of prenatal development

A

Provides theoretical insight into principles of development that apply across subsequent periods

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2
Q

Prenatal development

A

Characterized by distinctive patterns of growth and organism-environment interaction

          - Proximodistal
          - Cephalocaudal
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3
Q

Critical Period

A

A limited time when some part of a developing organism is susceptible to influences that can bring about specific and permanent changes

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4
Q

The Germinal Period Conception ~ 8 to 10 days later

A

Implantation & cell division

          - Begins at conception 
          - Lasts until the zygote enters the uterus and becomes implanted
          - The organism grows from a single cell to hundreds of cells
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5
Q

Embryonic Period 10 days~ 8th week

A

Organ development
- Begins at implantation
- All major organs take primitive shape
- The placenta allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products btw. the mother and the embryo
~ Umbilical cord

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6
Q

Sexual Differentiation

A

Begins in the 7th week after conception( a critical period)

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7
Q

SRY Gene

A

Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome

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8
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

Males may receive an extra X chromosome (XXY)

Males SHORTER than average

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9
Q

XYY Syndrome

A

Males may receive an extra Y chromosome (XYY)

Males MORE MUSCULAR than average

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10
Q

Trisomy X ( Down Syndrome)

A

Females may receive an extra X chromosome (XXX)

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11
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

Females may have only one sex chromosome (XO)

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12
Q

Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

A

Many NEVER know they have sex chromosome problems
However, these abnormalities may RESULT in:
Infertility
Educational problems
Reduced IQ

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13
Q

The Fetal Period

A

Fetal Period (9th week until birth)

          - Dramatic growth in weight and length 
          - Brain and all organ systems increase in complexity 
           - By 15 weeks, the fetus exhibits all movements observable at birth 
           - Learning occurs through multiple sensory modalities
            - Cells differentiate (more complex) 
            - Learn behavior
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14
Q

Sensory capacities

A
  1. Touch
  2. Sensing motion
  3. Seeing
  4. Hearing
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15
Q

Fetal Activity

A
  • Active w/ 8 weeks post-conception
    - Capable of all newborn movement at 15 weeks
    - Contributes to basic neuronal connections
    Ultrasound: track fetal abnormalities
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16
Q

Fetal Behavioral States

A
  1. Quiet Asleep (32%, increasing)
  2. Active Asleep ( Majority of the time)
  3. Quiet Awake (50%)—-Eye movements involved (open)
  4. Active Awake ( 9%)—- Eyes are open and while asleep
17
Q

Maternal Stress

A
  • Anxiety and stress linked to measurable and long-lasting effects on infant
    - Stress hormones can pass through the placenta and into the amniotic fluid
    - Effectives of negative attitude linked to low birth weight and long-term developmental risks
18
Q

Nutritional influences

A

Maternal nutrition important to fetal development

   - A well-balanced diet and increased intake of folic acid and iron
  - 2000 to 2800 daily calories
19
Q

Undernourishment

A

Food intake insufficient to develop or function normally

20
Q

Malnutrition

A

Imbalance btw. body’s needs and intake of nutrients

21
Q

Overnourishment

A

Large-for-gestational-age infants

22
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental agents that can cause deviations from normal development and can lead to abnormalities or death
E.g: depression

23
Q

6 general principles that apply to all teratogens

A
  1. Susceptibility depends on the developmental stage at the time of exposure
  2. Effects are likely to be specific to a particular organ
  3. Individual organisms vary in their susceptibility to teratogens
  4. Susceptibility depends on the mother’s physiological state
  5. The greater the concentration of a teratogenic agent, the greater the risk
  6. Teratogens that have little or no effect on the mother can seriously affect the developing organism
24
Q

Drugs

A
  • Prescription drugs
  • Caffeine
  • Tobacco
  • Alcohol
  • Marijuana
  • Cocaine
  • Methamphetamine
  • Heroin and Methadone — respiratory problems
25
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases

A
  • Genital herpes
  • Gonorrhea
  • Syphilis
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Rh incompatibility
26
Q

Other diseases and maternal conditions

A
  • Rubella
  • Chicken pox
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Diabetes
  • Hepatitis
  • Hypertension
  • Influenza
  • Mumps
  • Toxemia
  • Toxoplasmosis
27
Q

Principles of Prenatal Development

A
  • Sequence is fundamental
    - Timing is crucial
    - The development consists of differentiation and integration process
    - Development proceeds unevenly
    - Development is characterized by changes in organism form and environmental interactions
    - Development is epigenetic ( environment can turn on and off some types of genes)
28
Q

The Apgar Scale

A 
Immediate after birth 
     - Heart rate
     - Respiratory effort 
     - Muscle tone
     - Reflex responsivity 
     - Color 
A low score requires immediate medical attention
29
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale

A

Assesses subtle behavioral aspects of a newborn’s condition
Testing:
- Reflexes
- Motor capacities
- Muscle tone
- Responsiveness to objects and people
- Control of one’s own behavior

30
Q

Baby’s Appearance

A
  • Ethological perspective( Lorez): unique features of nonhuman and human mothers contribute to acceptance or rejection of the baby
    • “Babyness” evokes caregiving behavior
    • Newborn behavior becomes organized to facilitate the interaction of biology and culture
31
Q

Social expectations

A

Desires and expectations for their children’s futures affect parenting practices and children’s experiences from the first days of life

PSYC 102 (4 decks)

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