PSYC 102: Chapter 3

Question 1

Study of prenatal development

Answer 1

Provides theoretical insight into principles of development that apply across subsequent periods

Question 2

Prenatal development

Answer 2

Characterized by distinctive patterns of growth and organism-environment interaction

          - Proximodistal
          - Cephalocaudal

Question 3

Critical Period

Answer 3

A limited time when some part of a developing organism is susceptible to influences that can bring about specific and permanent changes

Question 4

The Germinal Period Conception ~ 8 to 10 days later

Answer 4

Implantation & cell division

          - Begins at conception 
          - Lasts until the zygote enters the uterus and becomes implanted
          - The organism grows from a single cell to hundreds of cells

Question 5

Embryonic Period 10 days~ 8th week

Answer 5

Organ development
- Begins at implantation
- All major organs take primitive shape
- The placenta allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products btw. the mother and the embryo
~ Umbilical cord

Question 6

Sexual Differentiation

Answer 6

Begins in the 7th week after conception( a critical period)

Question 7

SRY Gene

Answer 7

Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome

Question 8

Klinefelter Syndrome

Answer 8

Males may receive an extra X chromosome (XXY)

Males SHORTER than average

Question 9

XYY Syndrome

Answer 9

Males may receive an extra Y chromosome (XYY)

Males MORE MUSCULAR than average

Question 10

Trisomy X ( Down Syndrome)

Answer 10

Females may receive an extra X chromosome (XXX)

Question 11

Turner Syndrome

Answer 11

Females may have only one sex chromosome (XO)

Question 12

Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

Answer 12

Many NEVER know they have sex chromosome problems
However, these abnormalities may RESULT in:
Infertility
Educational problems
Reduced IQ

Question 13

The Fetal Period

Answer 13

Fetal Period (9th week until birth)

          - Dramatic growth in weight and length 
          - Brain and all organ systems increase in complexity 
           - By 15 weeks, the fetus exhibits all movements observable at birth 
           - Learning occurs through multiple sensory modalities
            - Cells differentiate (more complex) 
            - Learn behavior

Question 14

Sensory capacities

Answer 14

1. Touch
2. Sensing motion
3. Seeing
4. Hearing

Question 15

Fetal Activity

Answer 15

• Active w/ 8 weeks post-conception
  - Capable of all newborn movement at 15 weeks
  - Contributes to basic neuronal connections
  Ultrasound: track fetal abnormalities

Question 16

Fetal Behavioral States

Answer 16

1. Quiet Asleep (32%, increasing)
2. Active Asleep ( Majority of the time)
3. Quiet Awake (50%)—-Eye movements involved (open)
4. Active Awake ( 9%)—- Eyes are open and while asleep

Question 17

Maternal Stress

Answer 17

• Anxiety and stress linked to measurable and long-lasting effects on infant
  - Stress hormones can pass through the placenta and into the amniotic fluid
  - Effectives of negative attitude linked to low birth weight and long-term developmental risks

Question 18

Nutritional influences

Answer 18

Maternal nutrition important to fetal development

   - A well-balanced diet and increased intake of folic acid and iron
  - 2000 to 2800 daily calories

Question 19

Undernourishment

Answer 19

Food intake insufficient to develop or function normally

Question 20

Malnutrition

Answer 20

Imbalance btw. body’s needs and intake of nutrients

Question 21

Overnourishment

Answer 21

Large-for-gestational-age infants

Question 22

Teratogens

Answer 22

Environmental agents that can cause deviations from normal development and can lead to abnormalities or death
E.g: depression

Question 23

6 general principles that apply to all teratogens

Answer 23

1. Susceptibility depends on the developmental stage at the time of exposure
2. Effects are likely to be specific to a particular organ
3. Individual organisms vary in their susceptibility to teratogens
4. Susceptibility depends on the mother’s physiological state
5. The greater the concentration of a teratogenic agent, the greater the risk
6. Teratogens that have little or no effect on the mother can seriously affect the developing organism

Question 24

Drugs

Answer 24

• Prescription drugs
• Caffeine
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Marijuana
• Cocaine
• Methamphetamine
• Heroin and Methadone — respiratory problems

Question 25

Sexually transmitted diseases

Answer 25

- Genital herpes - Gonorrhea - Syphilis - HIV/AIDS - Rh incompatibility

Question 26

Other diseases and maternal conditions

Answer 26

- Rubella - Chicken pox - Cytomegalovirus - Diabetes - Hepatitis - Hypertension - Influenza - Mumps - Toxemia - Toxoplasmosis

Question 27

Principles of Prenatal Development

Answer 27

- Sequence is fundamental - Timing is crucial - The development consists of differentiation and integration process - Development proceeds unevenly - Development is characterized by changes in organism form and environmental interactions - Development is epigenetic ( environment can turn on and off some types of genes)

Question 28

The Apgar Scale

Answer 28

``` Immediate after birth - Heart rate - Respiratory effort - Muscle tone - Reflex responsivity - Color A low score requires immediate medical attention ```

Question 29

Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale

Answer 29

Assesses subtle behavioral aspects of a newborn’s condition Testing: - Reflexes - Motor capacities - Muscle tone - Responsiveness to objects and people - Control of one's own behavior

Question 30

Baby’s Appearance

Answer 30

- Ethological perspective( Lorez): unique features of nonhuman and human mothers contribute to acceptance or rejection of the baby - “Babyness” evokes caregiving behavior - Newborn behavior becomes organized to facilitate the interaction of biology and culture

Question 31

Social expectations

Answer 31

Desires and expectations for their children’s futures affect parenting practices and children’s experiences from the first days of life