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psyc 101 quiz Flashcards

1
Q

biological perspective

A

seeks to understand human behavior and mental processes through the lens of biology

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2
Q

cognitive perspective

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

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3
Q

behavioral perspective

A

an approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior.

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4
Q

sociocultural perspective

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior

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5
Q

hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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6
Q

descriptive methods

A

case study
survey
naturalistic observation
(DON’T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)

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7
Q

laboratory observation

A

research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions

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8
Q

naturalistic observation

A

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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9
Q

participant observation

A

a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed

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10
Q

case study

A

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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11
Q

survey research

A

the measurement of public opinion through the use of sampling and questioning

aka scale research

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12
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

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13
Q

sample

A

a subset of the population

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14
Q

random sampling

A

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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15
Q

variable

A

a factor that can change in an experiment

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16
Q

correlational study

A

a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena

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17
Q

correlation coefficient (r)

A

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

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18
Q

positive correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease together

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19
Q

negative correlation

A

the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases

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20
Q

third variable problem (confounding variable)

A

the concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable

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21
Q

spurious correlation

A

two factors appear causally related to one another but are not

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22
Q

random assignment

A

placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable

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23
Q

independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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24
Q

dependent variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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25
Q

experiment

A

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

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26
Q

experimental group

A

the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested

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27
Q

control group

A

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

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28
Q

operational definition

A

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

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29
Q

how we have studied the brain

A

phrenology- they thought you can find out personality by feelings lumps and bumps on the head; surgical ablation - destroy something in the brain; cryoarchitecture (brodmann areas - 17 - Primary Visual cortex, 18 - Secondary Visual cortex, and 19 - make up the occipital lobe)
Golgi - Golgi’s method is a silver staining technique that is used to visualize dendritic branching patterns and dendritic spines under light microscopy and cajal - the nervous system was made up of microscopic cells (neurons), each independent from one another but that establish complex patterns of connections

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30
Q

neurons

A

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.

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31
Q

cell body (soma)

A

contains nucleus (DNA of the cell)

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31
Q

dendrites

A

branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

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32
Q

axon

A

a cord-like extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

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33
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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34
Q

resting potential

A

electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron (~-70 mV)

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35
Q

depolarization

A

the process during the action potential when sodium and potassium are rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

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36
Q

repolarization

A

period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron

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37
Q

hyper polarization

A

membrane potential becomes more negative

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38
Q

refractory period

A

the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated

39
Q

myelin sheath

A

covers the axon of some neurons and helps accelerate neural impulses

40
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell

41
Q

synaptic gap (synapse)

A

space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite receptors of the next neuron

42
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

a noninvasive imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in the brain’s blood flow and oxygen levels

43
Q

agonist

A

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
examples: alcohol, heroin, L-Dopa, Nicotine, LSD

44
Q

antagonist molecules

A

molecules that bind to receptors but block neurotransmitters from funtioning
Ex. Botulin - Botox Nalozone, Antipsychotic Medications

45
Q

acetylcholine

A

involved in muscle action, learning, and memory

46
Q

dopamine

A

involved in movement, learning, reinforcement, reward, attention, and emotion

47
Q

serotonin

A

involved in emotional states, impulse control, and dreaming

48
Q

norepinephrine

A

involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation

49
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

antidepressant drugs that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin to reduce symptoms of depression

50
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
BRAKE PEDAL

51
Q

glutamate

A

a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
GAS PEDAL

52
Q

endorphins

A

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

53
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

includes the brain ( parasympathetic - cool down and relax (rest and digest) /sympathetic - fight or flight) and spinal cord

54
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

55
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

56
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

57
Q

spinal cord

A

coordination of reflexes; carries sensory information to the brain and motor signals away from the brain

58
Q

somatic (skeletal) nervous system

A

skin, muscles and joints

59
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

glands and organs

60
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

61
Q

pons (respond to signals from the cerebellum and sends to the rest of the brain)

A

a brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

62
Q

reticular FORMATION

A

(filters incoming inFORMATION)

sleep/wake cycle, attention
filtering incoming information as well as relaying information to other brain areas

63
Q

cerebellum (Sara the body builder)

A

processes sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

64
Q

thalamus

A

gateway to the brain, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

65
Q

basal ganglia

A

important for the planning and production of movement and attention

66
Q

hypothalamus (hypothermia)

A

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature)

67
Q

hippocampus ( on a campus u learn and memorize)

A

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

68
Q

amygdala (amygdilemma - reading emotions on people’s faces and angry)

A

a limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

69
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

70
Q

frontal lobe ( line leader makes decision for the line)

A

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

70
Q

corpus callosum

A

a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.

71
Q

parietal lobe ( parents talk sense into you)

A

receives sensory input for touch and spatial relations

72
Q

temporal lobe

A

processing faces and auditory signals, hearing, speech, memory

73
Q

occipital lobe

A

a region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

74
Q

motor cortex

A

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

75
Q

broca’s area

A

controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. Broadman 44 or 45

76
Q

wernicke’s area

A

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe Broadman 22

77
Q

Philosopher - Aristotle

A

emphasized the importance of empirical observations

78
Q

Phiolsopher - Plato

A

Nativitism
Mental processes originated in the brain

79
Q

Physiologists - Hippocrates

A

saw the connection between abnormal behavior and issues with the brain

80
Q

Physiologists - Müller

A

Studied the passage of impulses from and to nerves

81
Q

Physiologists - Von Helmholtz

A

Measured the speed of neural impulses;
the relationships between measurable physical stimuli and their correspondent human perceptions.

82
Q

First Psychologists - Wundt

A

Founding father of psychology
structuralism

83
Q

First Psychologists - James

A

Founded functionalism

84
Q

First Psychologists - Wertheimer

A

One of the founders of Gestalt psychology

85
Q

First Psychologists - Darwin

A

Functionalism → Evolutionism
Natural Selection

86
Q

Behaviorists - Watson

A

Observable behavior only

87
Q

Behaviorists
Skinner

A

Operant conditioning

88
Q

Behaviorists
Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning

89
Q

Social Psychologist
Lewin

A

utilized scientific methods and experimentation to look at social behavior

90
Q

Cognitive Psychologist
Miller

A

One of the founders of cognitive psychology, which led to cognitive neuroscience

91
Q

The action potential of memory starts at -70, depolarization - goes to a less negative potential, potassium, and sodium float into the cell causing depolarization, and repolarization - drops down into a negative state because potassium leaves the cell, hyperpolarization - becomes more negative than it originally was (-90), refractory period - helps the neuron so it does not fire too soon
Three parts of neuron
Perception - Chemical (neurotransmitters - ACH, norepinephrine, Dopamine, Gabba, and Guitamate, endorphins)
Integration - Electrical
Transmission

A

The action potential of memory starts at -70, depolarization - goes to a less negative potential, potassium, and sodium float into the cell causing depolarization, and repolarization - drops down into a negative state because potassium leaves the cell, hyperpolarization - becomes more negative than it originally was (-90), refractory period - helps the neuron so it does not fire too soon

Reception - Chemical (dendrite) (neurotransmitters - ACH, norepinephrine, Dopamine, Gabba, and Guitamate, endorphins)
Integration - Electrical (axon)
Transmission - Terminal button (chemical)

92
Q

External Validilty

A

validity of applying the conclusions of a scientific study outside the context of that study /Able to be generalized

93
Q
A
94
Q
A
95
Q
A

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