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PSYC 100 Midterm > PSYC 100 Midterm: Ch. 4-6 > Flashcards

PSYC 100 Midterm: Ch. 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Implicit Learning

A

Learning without meaning to (ex. language aquisition)

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2
Q

Implicit memory

A

long-term memory that doesn’t require conscious thought to encode (brushing teeth or riding bike)

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3
Q

Nonassociative learning

A

touching a hot pan, fire alarm noises

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4
Q

Perceptual Learning

A

Being able to distinguish smells and sounds

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5
Q

Explicit learning

A

this

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6
Q

Three Principles of Learning

A

Metacognition (monitoring and controlling their own learning and memory), Transfer-appropriate process, (memory is “better” when the test taps the same type of knowledge as the original encoding activity), value of forgetting

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7
Q

Encoding

A

the process of putting information into memory

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8
Q

Instrumental Conditioning

A

Occurs when a behaviour is associated with the occurrence of a significant event; operant conditioning

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9
Q

Observational Learning

A

Social Learning Theory; attention, retention, initiation, motivation

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10
Q

Knowledge Emotions

A

emotions that emphasize and help with your learning

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11
Q

Interest

A

high novelty AND high understanding; curiosity and intrigue, motivates engaging with new things and learning more about them

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12
Q

Confusion

A

high in novelty but low comprehension; conflicting info that motivates people to learn

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13
Q

Surprise

A

high when unexpectedness is high; shocking

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14
Q

Awe

A

something vast and beyond normal scope of experience AND engage in accommodation (changing their beliefs in something)

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15
Q

Sensitization

A

occurs when the response to a stimulus increases with exposure

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16
Q

Habituation

A

occurs when the response to a stimulus decreases with exposure

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17
Q

Brain Stem

A

medulla oblongata (digestion), pons (circulation), and midbrain (breathing); routing, filtering, and sending information where it needs to go (up to the brain through sensory neurons and out through motor neurons)

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18
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor Control

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Acts as a router and sorts data where it needs to go

20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located on the roof of the mouth
Home for homeostasis (maintaining body temperature & osmolarity)

21
Q

Cerebrum

A

whole top part that is broken down; Main function is integration, made up of tons of billions of neurons; way of processing information as it comes in

22
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

Connects right and left hemisphere

23
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Focuses on facial recognition & creativity however functions can move back and forth

24
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Focuses mathematical reasoning and logic

25
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Made up of nuclei ( a bunch of neurons next to each other that have the same function)
A lot of our motor control

26
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Makes up 80% of brain and broken into four lobes

27
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Executive functions (the boss), emotional control

28
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

top of the cerebral cortex; sensation and reacting to your environment and sensory input

29
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Back of CC; vision

30
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Language, hearing, memory

31
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Inside the parietal lobe; where sensory information comes in

32
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Send message back out

33
Q

Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI)

A
  • Uses infrared light to detect brain activity via oxygenated blood or active neurons.
  • Strengths: High spatial and temporal resolution when detecting neurons directly.
  • Comparable to PET/fMRI when measuring blood oxygen levels.
34
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A
  • Tracks changes in oxygen levels in the blood without requiring injections.
  • Strength: Good spatial resolution.
  • Limitation: Poor temporal resolution (similar to PET).
35
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

technique used to measure the electrical activity of muscles, including the tiny facial muscles that may move in response to emotions

36
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A
  • Measures blood flow using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream.
  • Detects increased blood flow to active brain regions during tasks.
  • Strength: Good spatial resolution.
  • Limitation: Poor temporal resolution (several seconds delay).
36
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Situation (TMS)

A

neuroscience technique whereby a brief magnetic pulse is applied to the head temporarily induces a weak electrical current that interferes with ongoing activity
- good temporal resolution

37
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A
  • Measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes on the scalp.
  • Strength: Excellent temporal resolution (millisecond precision).
  • Limitation: Poor spatial resolution (cannot pinpoint activity source precisely).
38
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for stimulation of “rest and digest” activities

39
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

a part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to glands and smooth muscles. Consists of the SNS and PNS

40
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for stimulation of “fight or flight” activities

41
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

uses cranial and spinal nerves in volitional actions
Controls the individual in maneuvering bodily muscles
- relates to Electromyography (EMG)

42
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

the part of the nervous system that is outside the brain and spinal cord

43
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord; responsible for processing and interpreting information

44
Q

Hippocampus

A

declarative memory, learning, and spatial awareness

45
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Located in the left frontal lobe, this area is responsible for language production, including speech articulation and pronunciation. Damage here could result in difficulty pronouncing words (e.g., Broca’s aphasia).

PSYC 100 Midterm (4 decks)

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