PSYC 100 Midterm: Ch. 4-6 Flashcards
Implicit Learning
Learning without meaning to (ex. language aquisition)
Implicit memory
long-term memory that doesn’t require conscious thought to encode (brushing teeth or riding bike)
Nonassociative learning
touching a hot pan, fire alarm noises
Perceptual Learning
Being able to distinguish smells and sounds
Explicit learning
this
Three Principles of Learning
Metacognition (monitoring and controlling their own learning and memory), Transfer-appropriate process, (memory is “better” when the test taps the same type of knowledge as the original encoding activity), value of forgetting
Encoding
the process of putting information into memory
Instrumental Conditioning
Occurs when a behaviour is associated with the occurrence of a significant event; operant conditioning
Observational Learning
Social Learning Theory; attention, retention, initiation, motivation
Knowledge Emotions
emotions that emphasize and help with your learning
Interest
high novelty AND high understanding; curiosity and intrigue, motivates engaging with new things and learning more about them
Confusion
high in novelty but low comprehension; conflicting info that motivates people to learn
Surprise
high when unexpectedness is high; shocking
Awe
something vast and beyond normal scope of experience AND engage in accommodation (changing their beliefs in something)
Sensitization
occurs when the response to a stimulus increases with exposure
Habituation
occurs when the response to a stimulus decreases with exposure
Brain Stem
medulla oblongata (digestion), pons (circulation), and midbrain (breathing); routing, filtering, and sending information where it needs to go (up to the brain through sensory neurons and out through motor neurons)
Cerebellum
Motor Control
Thalamus
Acts as a router and sorts data where it needs to go
Hypothalamus
Located on the roof of the mouth
Home for homeostasis (maintaining body temperature & osmolarity)
Cerebrum
whole top part that is broken down; Main function is integration, made up of tons of billions of neurons; way of processing information as it comes in
Corpus Collosum
Connects right and left hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
Focuses on facial recognition & creativity however functions can move back and forth
Left Hemisphere
Focuses mathematical reasoning and logic
Basal Ganglia
Made up of nuclei ( a bunch of neurons next to each other that have the same function)
A lot of our motor control
Cerebral Cortex
Makes up 80% of brain and broken into four lobes
Frontal Lobe
Executive functions (the boss), emotional control
Parietal Lobe
top of the cerebral cortex; sensation and reacting to your environment and sensory input
Occipital Lobe
Back of CC; vision
Temporal Lobe
Language, hearing, memory
Somatosensory Cortex
Inside the parietal lobe; where sensory information comes in
Motor Cortex
Send message back out
Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI)
- Uses infrared light to detect brain activity via oxygenated blood or active neurons.
- Strengths: High spatial and temporal resolution when detecting neurons directly.
- Comparable to PET/fMRI when measuring blood oxygen levels.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
- Tracks changes in oxygen levels in the blood without requiring injections.
- Strength: Good spatial resolution.
- Limitation: Poor temporal resolution (similar to PET).
Electromyography (EMG)
technique used to measure the electrical activity of muscles, including the tiny facial muscles that may move in response to emotions
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Measures blood flow using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream.
- Detects increased blood flow to active brain regions during tasks.
- Strength: Good spatial resolution.
- Limitation: Poor temporal resolution (several seconds delay).
Transcranial Magnetic Situation (TMS)
neuroscience technique whereby a brief magnetic pulse is applied to the head temporarily induces a weak electrical current that interferes with ongoing activity
- good temporal resolution
Electroencephalography (EEG)
- Measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes on the scalp.
- Strength: Excellent temporal resolution (millisecond precision).
- Limitation: Poor spatial resolution (cannot pinpoint activity source precisely).
Parasympathetic Nervous System
one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for stimulation of “rest and digest” activities
Autonomic Nervous System
a part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to glands and smooth muscles. Consists of the SNS and PNS
Sympathetic Nervous System
one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for stimulation of “fight or flight” activities
Somatic Nervous System
uses cranial and spinal nerves in volitional actions
Controls the individual in maneuvering bodily muscles
- relates to Electromyography (EMG)
Peripheral Nervous System
the part of the nervous system that is outside the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord; responsible for processing and interpreting information
Hippocampus
declarative memory, learning, and spatial awareness
Broca’s Area
Located in the left frontal lobe, this area is responsible for language production, including speech articulation and pronunciation. Damage here could result in difficulty pronouncing words (e.g., Broca’s aphasia).
