PSY306 Health psychology Morrison Ch 7

Question 1

What is the basic model for changing behaviour?

Answer 1

1. Change strategy (active ingredient) e.g. persuasive communication or activating social support.
2. Psychological mediator (theory) e.g. Attitudes or subjective norms.
3. Weight training exercise.
4. Increased muscle strength.

Question 2

What does the term behaviour change techniques mean?

Answer 2

• Active ingredients of behaviour change interventions.
• Can be used alone or together with other techniques.
• “An observable, replicable, and irreducible component of an intervention designed to alter or redirect causal processes that regulate behaviour”

Question 3

Explain behaviour change methods.

Answer 3

-“Techniques or processes that have been shown to be able to change one or more determinants of behaviour”
(Kok et al., 2016, p. 299)
-“Provides a toolbox that most efficiently enables planners to select the method that fits their circumstances”

Question 4

What are two methods to Change Attitudes, Beliefs, and Outcome Expectations?

Answer 4

• Persuasive communication

- Shifting perspective

Question 5

What are two methods to Change Social Influence

Answer 5

• Information about others’ approval

- Resistance to social pressure

Question 6

What are three methods to Change Skills, Capability, and Self-Efficacy and to Overcome Barriers

Answer 6

• Guided practice
• Self-monitoring
• Enactive mastery experiences

Question 7

What are two methods to Change Awareness and Risk Perceptions

Answer 7

• Personalise risk

- Message framing

Question 8

What are three methods to Change Habitual, Automatic, and Impulsive Behaviours

Answer 8

• Implementation intentions
• Cue altering
• Stimulus control

Question 9

What are the five phases of the precede model?

Answer 9

Phase 1: social diagnosis – Planners gain an understanding of the health problems that affect community QoL; involve local people in focus groups, surveys etc.
Phase 2: epidemiological, behaviour, and environmental diagnosis – Identifying and assessing health issue(s) specific to the community, and their related behavioural and environmental influences; involves analysis of social and physical environmental factors that could be linked to target behaviours.
Phase 3: Educational and ecological diagnosis – Prioritising and determining factors identified in phase 2, and identifying predisposing factors, enabling factors and reinforcing factors of relevance. Considers the likelihood and potential impact of any behavioural change.
Phase 4: Administrative and policy diagnosis – Ensures the programme is consistent with organisation policies and addresses aim.
Phase 5: Program implementation (proceed)

Question 10

What are the three elements of evaluation during the proceed/program implementation phase (precede-proceed model)?

Answer 10

Process: Did the program do what was intended?
Impact: What impact did the intervention have on the target behaviours/outcomes?
Outcome: What long-term effects on health were achieved

Question 11

What were the NICE guidelines (2014) on behaviour change in presenting information to increase motivation to quit smoking. Key messages should influence:

Answer 11

Outcome expectancies: Smoking causes people to die on average 8 years earlier than the average.
Personal relevance: If you were to stop smoking, you could add 6 years to your life, and be fitter over that time.
Positive attitude: Life is good and worth living.
Self-efficacy: You have managed to quit before.
Descriptive norms: Around 30% of people your age have successfully given up smoking.
Subjective norms: Your wife and kids will appreciate it.
Personal and moral norms: Smoking is anti-social and you do not want your kids to start smoking.

Question 12

Explain the elaboration likelihood approach (motivating change)

Answer 12

Only those with a pre-existing interest in the issue are likely to attend to mass media campaigns and, perhaps, act on it.

Question 13

Why is the use of fear campaigns good when motivating change?

Answer 13

• arouse fear – ‘unsafe sex increases your risk of getting HIV’;
• increases the sense of severity if no change is made – ‘HIV is a serious condition’;
• emphasises the ability of the individual to prevent the feared outcome (efficacy) – ‘here’s how you engage in safer sex practices’.

Question 14

Describe information framing when motivating change.

Answer 14

Health messages can be framed positively (stressing positive outcomes associated with action) or negatively (emphasis on negative outcomes with failure to act).

Question 15

When is motivational interviewing a good idea when motivating health change?

Answer 15

Generally considered most likely to be effective for people who are reluctant to engage in change.

Question 16

What questions are asked in motivational interviewing?

Answer 16

‘What are some of the good things about your present behaviour?’
‘What are the not-so-good things about your present behaviour?’

Question 17

What are the three distinct phases of Problem-focused counselling ?

Answer 17

1. Problem exploration and clarification: detailed and thorough exploration of problems;
2. Goal setting: identifying how the individual would like things to be different;
3. Facilitating action: developing plans and strategies through which these goals can be achieved.

Question 18

According to Gollwitzer (1999), why do we often fail to translate goal intentions into goal attainment?

Answer 18

• Failing to start

- Becoming ‘derailed’ from goal striving

Question 19

According to social cognitive theory – skills and self-efficacy can be increased through what procedures?

Answer 19

• observation of others performing relevant tasks;
• practice of tasks in a graded programme of skills development;
• active persuasion.

Question 20

what are the three basic models of observational learning that Bandura identified?

Answer 20

a live model
a verbal instructional model
a symbolic model

Question 21

What is the role of cognitive therapy?

Answer 21

To teach the individual to treat their beliefs as hypotheses and not facts, to try out alternative ways of looking at the situation and to have different responses to it based on these new ways of thinking

Question 22

What is the simple guide to key environmental factors that can be influenced in order to encourage behaviour change used by The Health Belief Model?

Answer 22

An environment that encourages healthy behaviours should:

• provide cues to action – or remove cues to unhealthy behaviours;
• minimise the costs and barriers associated with healthy behaviour;
• increase the costs of engaging in health damaging behaviours.

Question 23

What is the order of ‘diffusion of innovations’ by segmenting the population in terms of their responsiveness and social influence?

Answer 23

Innovators:. 
Early adopters: 
Early majority: 
Late majority: 
Laggards:

Question 24

What does Problem-focused approaches include?

Answer 24

Goal setting
Action planning
Barrier planning/problem solving
Set graded tasks
Prompt review of behavioural goals
Prompt review of outcome goals
Prompt rewards contingent on effort or progress towards behaviour
Prompt rewards contingent on successful behaviour