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PSY240 > PSY240 3. Anxiety > Flashcards

PSY240 3. Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

Anxiety

A

Negative affect
– Somatic symptoms of tension
– Apprehensive anticipation of future danger

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2
Q

Anxiety

A
  • anxiety: worrying about something that hasn’t come
    e. g. muscle tension

fear: present reaction to threat

normative emotions

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3
Q

Anxiety

A

-

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4
Q

Fear

A

Immediate alarm reaction to present danger

– “fight or flight”

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5
Q

Fear

A

-

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6
Q

Adaptive versus Maladaptive Fear

A

FEAR

Adaptive ===> Maladaptive

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7
Q

Adaptive versus Maladaptive Fear

A

realistic concerns => unrealistic concerns
e.g. concern is unfounded - unlikely to happen
proportional => disproportional
the amount of fear experience
excessive distress
subsides upon removal of threat => persists after threat also anticipatory anxiety
worked up agitated state of anticipation

incontrollable and helpless
impairing functioning

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8
Q

Adaptive versus Maladaptive Fear

A

-

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9
Q

Adaptive versus Maladaptive Fear

A

-

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10
Q

Common Symptoms of Anxiety

A

Physical
Cognitive/ Emotional
Behavioural

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11
Q

Common Symptoms of Anxiety

A

physical: goosebumps, nauseated
emotional: irritability
cognitive: difficulty focusing, hyper vigilance, fear losing control, unreality
behavioural: escape vs avoidance, freeze, aggression

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12
Q

Common Symptoms of Anxiety

A

-

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13
Q

Common Symptoms of Anxiety

A

-

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14
Q

What Makes You Anxious?

A 
public speaking
not being good enough
interpersonal social: friends, partner
uncertainty
performance: failure 16%
somatic concerns - health 2%
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15
Q

What Makes You Anxious?

A

54% of college students report feeling overwhelming anxiety

more common type of distress on common

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16
Q

What Makes You Anxious?

A

academic concerns: exams, tests 34%

money: 1%
misc. : 7%

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17
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Commonalities
• Basic biological causes
• Basic psychological causes
• Effective treatments

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18
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

we all experience it and have similar concerns
same commonalities in DSMV disorders
similar causes and treatments

treatments: behavioural treatments

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19
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

-

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20
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

-

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21
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Severe
  • Impact quality of life
  • Chronicity and frequency
  • Interfere with functioning
  • Disproportion to real dangers
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22
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

not everyone has it - beyond normal experiences
severe: affects life + enjoyment
far more frequent and pervasive
becomes an obstacle: e.g. can’t leave house anymore

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23
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

-

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24
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

-

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25
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

-

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26
Q

Panic Attacks (PAs)

A
  • Not a disorder
  • Intense fear/discomfort
  • Sudden onset and peaks rapidly (
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27
Q

Panic Attacks (PAs)

A

-symptoms: sweating, heart rate, muscle tension
cued: suddenly in response to specific stimulus
uncued: out of the blue
suddenly develop all of these symptoms at once

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28
Q

Panic Attacks (PAs)

A

-

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29
Q

Panic Attacks (PAs)

A

-

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30
Q

Panic Attacks (PAs)

A

-

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31
Q

Panic Disorder (PD)

A

• Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks (PAs)
• Followed by 1+ month of (at least one): – Persistent concern about having another PA
– Persistent concern about implications of PAs – Significant change in behaviour

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32
Q

Panic Disorder (PD)

A

important for diagnosing panic disorder: only when there’s at least 2 uncued panic attacks
at least 1 month or longer after - constant fear of having another attack and/or the implications of having a heart attack
change in behaviour: e.g. stop riding the subway because it happened there last time - can’t go to work
uncued becomes cued - come to fear that situation or place - would still be diagnosed as PD

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33
Q

Panic Disorder (PD)

A

-

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34
Q

Panic Disorder (PD)

A

-

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35
Q

Agoraphobia

A
  • Anxiety about places / situations where escape might be difficult or help is unavailable
  • Situations avoided or endured with distress
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36
Q

Agoraphobia

A

-condition in itself
fear of wide open space
50% of PD also have agoraphobia
might be able to do it if they had someone with them

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37
Q

Agoraphobia

A

-

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38
Q

Examples of Agoraphobia

A

e.g. fear of crowds, lines, on trains, on a bridge, being in a house alone or leaving house alone

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39
Q

Examples of Agoraphobia

A

-

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40
Q

Separation Anxiety Disorder

A

Excessive anxiety concerning separation from the home or primary caregiver(s)
previously in developmental disorder => now anxiety disorder
physical symptoms: being sick - can’t go to school
complain so they can stay - can be real
frequent nightmares of separation

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41
Q

Separation Anxiety Disorder

A

4+ weeks (6 mos in adults): avoid over-pathologizing responses to transitions

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42
Q

Separation Anxiety Disorder

A

not a lot of evidence of continuity - maybe it doesn’t continue or a measurement artifact
e.g. earlier in life, parent interview, later in life, self-report
generally when child first goes to school
can come up later in life - can’t recall disorder

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43
Q

Separation Anxiety Disorder

A

e.g. going to college
e.g. over concern of offspring or spouse
we don’t know as much about condition in adulthood

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44
Q

Selective Mutism (DSM-5)

A
  • Consistent failure to speak in social situations
  • Interfereswithachievement
  • Duration>1month
  • Not due to lack of knowledge of language
  • Not better accounted for by other disorders
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45
Q

Selective Mutism (DSM-5)

A

emerges in childhood - likely to manifest in school age
don’t know much about longitudinal course of disorder
rule out other possibilities such as developmental disorder, difficulty in interaction due to anxiety or language problems

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46
Q

Selective Mutism (DSM-5)

A

-

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47
Q

Selective Mutism (DSM-5)

A

-

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48
Q

Selective Mutism (DSM-5)

A

-

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49
Q

Specific Phobia

A
  • Marked and persistent fear
  • Exposure almost invariably provokes fear/anxiety* • Situation avoided / endured with distress
  • Fear/anxiety ≠ actual danger posed
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50
Q

Specific Phobia

A

cannot under any circumstance endure situation or stimulus
intense amount of distress
in childhood: fear may be expressed through screaming, not speaking, tantrums
similar symptoms, but tied to specific stimulus or situation

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51
Q

Specific Phobia

A

-

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52
Q

Specific Phobia

A

-

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53
Q

Specific Phobia – Subtypes

A 
Animal
Natural / Environment
Blood-injection- injury
Situational
Other
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54
Q

Specific Phobia – Subtypes

A

e. g. could have been bitten by dog
e. g. heights
e. g. seeing blood, getting shots
e. g. claustrophobia in elevators
e. g. clowns, #13

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55
Q

Specific Phobia – Subtypes

A

-

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56
Q

Specific Phobia – Subtypes

A

-

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57
Q

Specific Phobia – Subtypes

A

-

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58
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

A

Fear of being focus of attention/scrutiny
• Fear of being humiliated
– Capacity for age-appropriate relationships* – Must occur in peer settings*
• Exposure almost invariably provokes anxiety • Fear is persistent (6+ months)

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59
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

A

specific social situations that evoke fear
common
20% of US college students report fear of public speaking
wording change in DSM-V
fearful of humiliation
early on - other disorders may cause symptoms like Autism
anxiety must be occurring not just with adults, but with peers
primary concern to be judged as stupid or weak
significant impairment: e.g. run out of room screaming during a presentation

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60
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

A

-

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61
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

A

-

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62
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

A

-

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63
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A 
Chronic/exaggerated worry / tension (6+ mos)
• Unable to control worry
• Physical symptoms (3+)*
– Restlessness, keyed up, on edge
– Easily fatigued
– Difficulty concentrating – Irritability
– Muscle tension
– Sleep disturbance
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64
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

worries about a lot of things
feel like you can’t control the worry
in adults at least 3, in kids (

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65
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

-

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66
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

-

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67
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

-

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68
Q

Epidemiology

A

Disorder l Age of Onset l Prevalence l Gender
Separation Anxiety l ~ preschool l 0.9%–4.0% l F>M
Selective Mutism l M
Social Anxiety l 8 – 15 years l 7.0–12.0% l F>M
Agoraphobia l 17 years l 1.7% l F>M
Panic Disorder l 20 – 24 years l 2.0–3.0% l F>M
Generalized Anxiety l M

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69
Q

Epidemiology

A

-some disorders such as social anxiety are more common, while mutism is rare because we are ruling it out
anxiety disorders more common in female
manifestation may be different by gender
boys may show indirect symptom - e.g. boys say they have nightmares instead of I don’t wanna go to school
gender differences emerge depending on specific object of phobia
emerge most frequently in adolescents, but in youth may show remission later on
social phobia: males more often diagnosed with because it is inconsistent with expectations of masculinity

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70
Q

Epidemiology

A

-

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71
Q

Epidemiology

A

-

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72
Q

Epidemiology

A

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73
Q

Comorbidity

A
  • Anxiety and anxiety

* Anxiety and depression (i.e., internalizing) • Anxiety and substance use disorders

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74
Q

Comorbidity

A

-

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75
Q

Comorbidity

A

internalizing disorders
inwardly directed emotional problems
externalizing: violence, acting out, substance abuse
in children it’s less clear cut the difference between the two than in adults
social anxiety: e.g. have a drink to calm nerves
issue of self-medicate with alcohol
in most cases, anxiety comes first

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76
Q

Comorbidity

A

-

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77
Q

Biological Approach: Structural Theories

A

Dual pathway model of fear

Stimulus => Thalamus => Amygdala

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78
Q

Biological Approach: Structural Theories

A

Stimulus => Thalamus => Cerebral Cortex

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79
Q

Biological Approach: Structural Theories

A

-understand how brain processes fear
get info from environment that triggers fear response
thalamus: gateway
amydala: registers danger, stores emotional memory
triggers fast reaction
cerebral cortex: to brain for more thoughtful processing of info

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80
Q

Biological Approach: Structural Theories

A

-

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81
Q

Biological Approach: Structural Theories

A

-

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82
Q

Biological Approach: Structural Theories

A

-

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83
Q

Biological Approach: Psychophysiological Theories

A
  • Poorly regulated fight-or-flight responses

* Overreactive autonomic nervous system

84
Q

Biological Approach: Psychophysiological Theories

A

-might be sensitive to bodily reactions when exposed to fear stimulus
same experience of hyperventilating can cause more intense reactions in other ppl
might be sensitively attuned to bodily reactions when exposed to fear stimulus

85
Q

Biological Approach: Genetic Theories

A 
twin studies: genetic transmission
more frequent in families with probands of anxiety disorders
range of heritability:
PD - more narrow confidence intervals
SAD - larger range across studies-
86
Q

Biological Approach: Genetic Theories

87
Q

Biological Approach: Genetic Theories

88
Q

Biological Approach: Genetic Theories

A

Molecular Genetics Studies
• Serotonergicsystem (5-HT;SLC6A4)
• Dopaminergicsystem (DRD4;DRD2)
• Modulation of monoamine metabolism (MAOA; COMT)

89
Q

Biological Approach: Genetic Theories

A

-serotonergic: involves negative emotions
dopaminergic: excessive or lack of receptors through generations
degradation of serotonin

proposed to be related
proposed for candidate gene studies
due to expense - not enough replication

90
Q

Biological Approach: Genetic Theories

91
Q

Biological Approach: Genetic Theories

92
Q

Biological Approach: Neurotransmitter Theories

A

Poor regulation of NTs – NE (stimulating)
– 5-HT (mood regulation)
– GABA (inhibitory)
• GAD: Deficiency of GABA or GABA receptors

93
Q

Biological Approach: Neurotransmitter Theories

A

Norepinephrine - physiological hyperactivity in anxiety disorders
serotonin - insufficient may be implicate in anxiety disorders
GABA: calming effect - regulating emotion
insufficient not being able to habituate to novel stimuli
related to GAD - worrying about everything because we’re not getting used to them

94
Q

Biological Approach: Neurotransmitter Theories

95
Q

Biological Approach: Neurotransmitter Theories

96
Q

Personality/Temperament Traits & Anxiety

A

• Neuroticism/Negative Affectivity (Kotov et al., 2010) • Behavioral inhibition (Kagan)
– Risk for social phobia

97
Q

Personality/Temperament Traits & Anxiety

A

-more phenotypic, but influenced by heritable genes
high in neuroticism: more prone to anxiety disorder
tendency to display inhibition
high: more likely to be extremely inhibited in new situations
e.g. vulnerable to social phobia

98
Q

Personality/Temperament Traits & Anxiety

99
Q

Psychological Approach: Cognitive Theories

A
  • High anxiety sensitivity
  • Hyper-vigilant to potential threat
  • Cognitive self-evaluation model (social phobia)
100
Q

Psychological Approach: Cognitive Theories

A

attribution to physical symptoms
catastrophic interpretation of events
misinterpretation of events

people with extremely high standards in social performance situations
assume everyone will judge them harshly
sensitive to misinterpreting social judgement cues

101
Q

Psychological Approach: Cognitive Theories

102
Q

Triple Vulnerability Model

A

Biological Vulnerability
Heritable contribution to negative affect
Specific Psychological Vulnerability Catastrophic interpretations (e.g., of physical sensations)
Generalized Psychological Vulnerability External locus of control

103
Q

Triple Vulnerability Model

A

possession of all three most at risk to developing a disorder

specific psychological vulnerability: maladaptive interpretations

104
Q

Triple Vulnerability Model

105
Q

Triple Vulnerability Model

106
Q

Psychological Approach: Behavioural Theories

A

Acquired through classical conditioning – Can occur via observational learning
• Maintained through operant conditioning

107
Q

Psychological Approach: Behavioural Theories

A

e. g. got stung by bee, conditioned to fear them
e. g. or seeing someone get stung by a bee
e. g. running away from bee, anxiety subsides so operantly conditioned to run away

108
Q

Psychological Approach: Behavioural Theories

109
Q

Psychological Approach: Behavioural Theories

110
Q

Biological Treatments

A

Tricyclic antidepressants
 Increase levels of NTs (e.g., norepinephrine)
 Serotonin reuptake (SSRIs)  Increase levels of serotonin
 Benzodiazepines
 Suppress CNS and influence NT functioning
▪ NE, 5-HT, and GABA systems

111
Q

Biological Treatments

A

shown to work on certain anxieties
e.g. but don’t give tricyclic to PD, but maybe to GAD

improve regulation of negative disorders

increase GABA - inhibiting physiological responses
addictive, so not given as first treatment

112
Q

Biological Treatments

113
Q

Biological Treatments

114
Q

Behavioural Treatments

A
  • Modelling
  • Flooding (aka Implosive Therapy)
  • Systematic desensitization
115
Q

Behavioural Treatments

A

most effective
modelling: therapist models appropriate reaction

flooding: exposing it all at once
e.g. sending them to a bee farm
not preferred approach

bodies can only sustain reaction for so long, then they realize that it’s not so bad
more gradual exposure

116
Q

Behavioural Treatments

117
Q

Behavioural Treatments

118
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A
  1. Develop a fear hierarchy
    Behavioural Strategies
  2. Teach relaxation and breathing exercises
  3. Practice gradual exposure to feared situations
  4. Practice relaxation while experiencing panic symptoms
    Cognitive Strategies
    • Identify maladaptive cognitions
    • Challenge catastrophizing thoughts
119
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A
  1. least feared to most feared
  2. teach relaxation, only when they can perform it can they move on to gradual exposure
  3. start small so they can extinguish fear to smallest fear and show they can manage it

e.g. fear of spider bite, gradual exposure provides evidence that it’s not gonna kill them

120
Q

Systematic Desensitization

121
Q

Systematic Desensitization

122
Q

Systematic Desensitization

123
Q

Systematic Desensitization

124
Q

What works for Anxiety?

A

• GAD:
– Treatment > No treatment (Cuijpers et al., 2014)
– Improve in short-term, but not at follow-up (Westen & Morrison, 2001) – Best results for CBT (Dugas et al., 2003)
• Panic:
– Improve and remain improved at follow-up (Westen & Morrison, 2001) – CBT = pharmacotherapy (Mitte, 2005)

125
Q

What works for Anxiety?

A

attacking maladaptive thoughts and replacing them

gains are sustained
as effective as medication
cessation of medication, the symptoms return

126
Q

What works for Anxiety?

127
Q

What works for Anxiety?

128
Q

What works for Anxiety?

129
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

Either obsessions OR compulsions

• Time-consuming (>1hr/day) • Cause distress/impairment

130
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

-has to interfere with functioning or distress

131
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

132
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

133
Q

Obsessions (DSM-5)

A

• Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images
• Intrusive and unwanted, cause anxiety/distress
• Thoughts,impulses,orimagesthat:
– Are not simply excessive worries about real life problems – The person recognizes are a product of own mind
– The person attempts to ignore or suppress or to neutralize with some other thought or action

134
Q

Obsessions (DSM-5)

A

thoughts of germs, killing someone, need for symmetry
reality testing
excessive - required that they realized it was out of proportion
with kids you don’t expect this insight

135
Q

Obsessions (DSM-5)

136
Q

Obsessions (DSM-5)

137
Q

Compulsions (DSM-5)

A

• Repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or rigid rules
• Aimed at preventing/reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation
– Unrealistic – Excessive

138
Q

Compulsions (DSM-5)

A

-fit well with obsessions
e.g. entire elaborate ritual of handwashing
if not done right causes substantial anxiety
checking
counting up
cleaning or washing
doing things in order
ordering and organizing
neutralize obsessive thought

139
Q

Compulsions (DSM-5)

140
Q

Compulsions (DSM-5)

141
Q

Compulsions (DSM-5)

A

Stimulus (Internal / External) => Obsession
Stimulus (Internal / External) => Distress & Anxiety
Obsession Distress & Anxiety

142
Q

Compulsions (DSM-5)

A

Distress & Anxiety => Ritualized Behaviour (Compulsion)

Temporary Relief Ritualized Behaviour (Compulsion)

143
Q

Compulsions (DSM-5)

144
Q

OCD Example

145
Q

OCD Example

146
Q

Biological Theories of OCD

A

• Brain dysfunction in areas that control primitive behaviour
• Linkedto5-HT
• Evidence for a genetic predisposition (Nestadt et al., 2010) – 7-15% in first-degree relatives of probands
– Limited knowledge of potential candidate genes

147
Q

Biological Theories of OCD

A

-e.g. aggression and sex

serotonin function - linked to negative emotions
common within families with OCD
don’t know which genes

148
Q

Biological Theories of OCD

149
Q

Biological Theories of OCD

150
Q

Theories of OCD

A

Cognitive-Behavioural
• PeoplewithOCDcannot“turnoff”obsessivethoughts Psychodynamic (Chlebowski & Gregory, 2009)
• Obsessionsandcompulsionsrepresentsymbolicconflicts

151
Q

Theories of OCD

A

brains are wired differently

manifestations of underlying conflict

152
Q

Theories of OCD

153
Q

Theories of OCD

154
Q

Psychodynamic Case Formulation

A

• 22-year-old single female
• Feels guilty about past mistakes • Obsessions of contamination
• Cleansingcompulsions
Formulation:

155
Q

Psychodynamic Case Formulation

156
Q

Psychodynamic Case Formulation

157
Q

Psychodynamic Case Formulation

158
Q

Treatments for OCD

A

BiologicalTreatments
– 5-HT-enhancing drugs (e.g., Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft)
– Psychosurgery
• Anterior Cingulotomy • Anterior Capsulotomy

159
Q

Treatments for OCD

A

-similar to ones used for depression

50% success rates
only in very severe cases where remission does not occur for other forms of treatment

160
Q

Treatments for OCD

161
Q

Treatments for OCD

162
Q

Treatments for OCD

A

• BehaviouralTreatments
– Exposure and Response Prevention
• CognitiveTherapy
– Encourage change in thinking (e.g., acceptance)

163
Q

Treatments for OCD

A

trigger obsessive thoughts and prevent them from engaging in ritual
see that response will subside even when still exposed to stimulus

accepting that my brain is wired differently

164
Q

Treatments for OCD

165
Q

Treatments for OCD

166
Q

COGNITIVE THERAPY: EXPOSURE & RESPONSE PREVENTION

A

MEDICATION
Stimulus (Internal / External) => Obsession
Stimulus (Internal / External) => Distress & Anxiety
Obsession Distress & Anxiety

167
Q

COGNITIVE THERAPY: EXPOSURE & RESPONSE PREVENTION

A

Distress & Anxiety => Ritualized Behaviour (Compulsion)

Temporary Relief Ritualized Behaviour (Compulsion)

168
Q

COGNITIVE THERAPY: EXPOSURE & RESPONSE PREVENTION

A
  • cognitive therapy: labelling thoughts as not facts

exposure: reduce anxiety response without performance of ritual

169
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A
  • Experienced traumatic event
  • Actual/threatened death or injury
  • Fear/anxiety persisting after trauma (> 4 weeks) – If
170
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

171
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

172
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

173
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DSM-5)

A
  1. Exposuretotraumaticevent
  2. Intrusivesymptoms
  3. Avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma
  4. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood
  5. Marked alterations in arousal/reactivity
174
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DSM-5)

175
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DSM-5)

176
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DSM-5)

177
Q

PTSD in the News

178
Q

PTSD in the News

179
Q

PTSD in the News

180
Q

Other Trauma/Stressor-Related Disorders

A

Adjustment Disorder:
• Maladaptivereactionsandimpairedfunctioning/distress following exposure to a stressor
– Within 3 months of stressor(s) Acute Stress Disorder:
• A traumatic stress reaction occurring in the days and weeks following exposure to a traumatic event.
–

181
Q

Other Trauma/Stressor-Related Disorders

182
Q

Other Trauma/Stressor-Related Disorders

183
Q

Other Trauma/Stressor-Related Disorders

184
Q

Treatments for PTSD

A

CBTapproach:
– Systematic desensitization (extinguish fear reactions) – Cognitive techniques (challenge irrational thoughts)
• Stressmanagement:
– Assist in problem solving (reduce stress)
– Use “thought stopping” strategies (reduce intrusive thoughts)
• Biologicaltherapies:
– Anti-anxiety and antidepressant drugs

185
Q

Treatments for PTSD

186
Q

Treatments for PTSD

187
Q

Treatments for PTSD

188
Q

Treatments for PTSD

189
Q

PTSD Vulnerability

A 
Sociocultural factors
• Severity, duration, & proximity • Social Support
Psychological factors
• Personal Assumptions 
• Distress
• Coping Styles
190
Q

PTSD Vulnerability

A

Biological factors
• Physiologicalhyperactivity • Genetics
• Epigenetics
• HPA-axishypoactivity

191
Q

PTSD Vulnerability

192
Q

PTSD Vulnerability

193
Q

PTSD Vulnerability

194
Q

Treatments for PTSD

A

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
– Side-to-side eye movements (saccades) while the client attends to traumatic stimuli, thoughts about the trauma, and the physical sensations of anxiety aroused by the trauma.
– Highly controversial

195
Q

Treatments for PTSD

196
Q

Treatments for PTSD

197
Q

Treatments for PTSD

198
Q

Summary of Major Anxiety Disorders

A

Disorder l Description

Phobia l Fear and avoidance of objects or situations that do not present any real danger

199
Q

Summary of Major Anxiety Disorders

A

Panic Disorder l Recurrent panic attacks involving a sudden onset of physiological symptoms.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder l Persistent, uncontrollable worry, often about minor things.

200
Q

Summary of Major Anxiety Disorders

A

Separation anxiety l The anxious arousal and worry about losing contact with and proximity to other people, typically significant others.
Agoraphobia l A fear of being in public places.

201
Q

Summary of Major Anxiety Disorders

202
Q

Summary of Major Anxiety Disorders

203
Q

Case Studies

204
Q

Case Studies

205
Q

Case Studies

PSY240 (5 decks)

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