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PSY2001 SEMESTER 2 > PSY2001 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 2 > Flashcards

PSY2001 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

state definition for protected characteristics

A

characteristics that are protected under equality act- age, disability, race, sex, religion/beliefs, sexual orientation, pregnancy + maternity, gender reassignment

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2
Q

give single component definition of prejudice

A

negative evaluation of social group/individual that is significantly based on individuals group membership

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3
Q

give 3-component definition for prejudice thats consistent with tripartite model of attitudes (Allport)

A

cognitive: beliefs about group
affective: strong feeling about group
conative: intentions to behave in certain ways towards group

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4
Q

what component does a definition of prejudice miss usually

A

behaviour, as this is prejudicial behaviour its sefl

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5
Q

name limitation of 3-component defintions for prejudice, with evidence

A

attitude-behaviour gap = prejudices difficult to detect
- white female undergrad waiting, overhear emergency where chair falls on white/black female confed, ppt led to believe is alone or 2 other helpers
found weak bystander effect if victim white, but larger effects if black
- under certain circumstances, prejudice can be undetected - if 2 other helper not present, experiment would show white women more willing to help black>white victims - absence of overt discrimination always treated with caution, as prejudice can be indirect + subtle

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6
Q

define discrimination

A

inappropriate and potentially unfair treatment of individuals due to group membership

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7
Q

name 3 form of discriminations - Pincus

A

individual, institutional, structural

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8
Q

define individual discrimination

A

actions that are intended to have differential/harmful impact on specific groups of people

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9
Q

define institutional discrimination

A

institutional policies (and behaviours of individuals who run institution) intended to have differential/harmful impact on specific groups of people

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10
Q

define structural discrimination

A

policies that appear neutral in terms of intent, but that have negative differential/harmful effects on specific groups of people

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11
Q

provide example - individual discrimination

A

writing racist comment on a public wall

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12
Q

provide example - institutional discrimination

A

company banning individual from wearing religious head-coverings

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13
Q

provide example - structural discrimination

A

Greek police officer height requirement for 1.7m tall, unlawful (as relate to sex/race discrimination)

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14
Q

define intergroup biases

A

systematic tendencies to evaluate own membership group (in group) or its members more favourably than nonmembership group (out group) or its members

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15
Q

name 3 intergroup biases (Mackie & Smith)

A

cognition= stereotypes
attitude= prejudice
behaviour= discrimination

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16
Q

what is origin of approaches including personality, and individual difference?

A

why people followed Holocaust/Hitler, and psychologist soon realised if prejudiced against one group then tend to also be against others, suggesting an individual factor

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17
Q

summarise frustration-aggression hypothesis (approaches which include personality and individual differences)

A

fixed amount of ‘psychic’ energy to enact goal and achieving goals keep us in balanced psych state but if goal frustrated then unspent energy leaves in state of psychological imbalance
we then rebalance via aggression and displace onto scapegoat for catharsis

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18
Q

give support for frustration-aggression hypothesis

A
  • explains early 1920’s antisemitism in Germany
  • Archival study (Hovland & Sears 1940)- negative correlation between economic index of frustrated ambitions and racial aggression
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19
Q

give weaknesses for frustration-aggression hypothesis

A
  1. frustration isn’t necessary, does not always lead to aggress so only explain some cases of intergroupp aggress. some research inconclusive
  2. by taking individual approach ignore social situation, so cannot account for differences in prejudice toward particular social groups
  3. difficult to tell if aggression displaced or generalised (Miller suggests work against each other. displacement base on aggression inhibition against real source, generalisation imply aggression will decrease when potential target less similar)
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20
Q

how can frustration-aggression hypothesis be improved (Berkowitz)

A
  1. probability of frustration-induced aggression actually being vented increased by presence of situ cues to aggression, include past/presence association of specific group with conflicts
  2. objective frustration no instigating, instead is subjection feeling of frustrations
  3. frustration is only 1 out of many events that institgate agression (pain, temps)
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21
Q

name 2 theories in approaches which include personality and individual differences

A

frustration-aggression hypothesis
authoritarian personality

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22
Q

name 2 theories in approach that emphasising intergroup context

A

realistic conflict theory
social identity theory

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23
Q

outline authoritarian personality (approaches which include personality and individual differences)

A

punitive authoritarian parenting style resulted in children developing specific set of beliefs- ethnocentrism
leading to increasing aggression as no control over their own life, and projected onto minority group

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24
Q

define ethnocentrism

A

preference for own over other group, and intolerance of minority

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25
give support of authoritarian personality as approach for prejudice
Pettigrew= cross-culture comparisons show personality can predispose some to prejudice for some context cultures embodying societal norms legitimise prejudice as necessary, sufficient
26
give weaknesses of authoritarian personality in prejudice theories
- acquiescence bias in F-scale= no items on scale reversed and so tendency to respond “yes” would inflate correlations between items - psychoanalytic construct hard to empirically test - ignores situational effect eg, racism increased against east-Asians, after COVID - interviewer knew hypothesis + scores = confirmatory biases
27
define dogmatism
isolation of contradictory belief systems from one another, resistance to belief change in light of new info, appeals to authorities to justify correctness of existing beliefs
28
state 3 components in right wing authoritarianism
1. conventionalism 2. authoritarian aggression 3. authoritarian submission use RWA scale in measure constellation
29
define conventionalism (right wing authoritarianism)
adherence to societal convention, endorsed by established authorities
30
define authoritarian aggression (right wing authoritarianism)
support for aggression towards societal deviants
31
define authoritarian submission (right wing authoritarianism)
submission to society's established authorities
32
name 2 theories in approaches emphasising intergroups context
realistic conflict theory, social identity theory
33
summarise realistic conflict theory (approach focusing in intergroup context)
conflict and competition for limited resources leads to prejudice and discrimination
34
in realistic conflict theory, how do individuals sharing/mutually exclusive goals behave
sharing goal requiring independence = cooperation, forms group mutually exclusive goals = inter-individual competition
35
in realistic conflict theory, what happens at intergroup level if mutually exclusive goal/shared goals
MEG: produce intergroup conflict, ethnocentrism SG: requires intergp independence. reduce conflict and encourage intergroup harmony
36
summarise Robber's cave study (Sherif, 1966) - realistic conflict theory
field experiment, 12yr old boys summer camp to study if conflict between 2 groups enough for prejudice, discrimination can be resolved through cooperation towards superordinate goals
37
outline stages for Robber's cave study (Sherif, 1966)- realistic conflict theory
1. children formed friendship 2. divided 2 group, developed norms, made little reference to eachother 3. took part in organised intergroup competition which led to ethnocentric attitudes, behaviours, hostility 4. groups then given superordinate goals they had to work and achieve together, in cooperation
38
give support for Robber's cave study (Sherif, 1966) - realistic conflict theory
Zimbardo stamford prison also shows how mutually exclusive intergroup goals produce conflict and hostile intergroup relations
39
give weaknesses for Robber's cave study (Sherif, 1966) - realistic conflict theory
- are conflict and competition necessary for prejudice/discrimination - ethical issues - using young children in aggression research - how can we know it is the nature of goal relations that determine ingroup behaviour, or is it other factors (cooperative/competitive nature of interaction, existence of 2 separate groups)
40
outline prisoners dilemma
detective questioning 2 obviously guilty suspects who are offered chance to confess, knowing if one does but other doesn’t, confessor will be granted immunity and other is convicted if both confess, each receive moderate sentence if neither confess, each receive light sentence dilemma summarised by payoff matrix - mutual non-confession produces best joint outcome but mutual suspicion and lack of trust encourage both confessing
41
summarise trucking game
trucking game: 2 trucks transporting with private route each. there is much faster shared route however it has 1-lane section - mutually beneficial solution is both take it in turns to use, however research showed ppts fight over using it
42
define commons dilemma
if all cooperate then reach an optimal solutions for all, but if everyone competes everyone loses
43
name 5 ideas in structural solution of resolving social dilemma
- limiting number of people accessing resource - amount of resource people can take - handing over management of resource to leader/a single group - facilitating free communication among those wanting a resource - shifting pay-off to favour cooperation over competition
44
give limitation of structural solutions of social dilemma
require elightened + powerful authorities to implement measure = can be hard
45
summarise social identity theory (approach focusing in intergroup context)
society consists of different social groups with specific power/status relations consist of self-concept, and engaging in favourable comparisons to benefit ingroup relative to outgorups, maintaining positive self-concepts
46
in social identity theory (approach focusing in intergroup context), what is in self concept
personal identity + social identity own membership and identification with specific groups we want to make group look good as also making us also look good
47
give evidence from Tajfel (1971) minimal group studies, for social identity theory - intergroup approaches
ppts assigned to groups, allocate points/money to member of ingroup, outgroup, and tended to favour ingroup to maximise ingroup profit whilst also maximising difference between groups in favour of ingroup
48
give issues of minimal group paradigms
- methodological problems (measures, procedures, statistics) - conditions of experiments create demand characteristics - ppts conform to transparent expectation of researcher
49
define meta-contrast principles
prototype of group is that position within group that has largest ratio of "differences to ingroup positions" to "differences to outgroup positions" - ensure group prototype isnt average
50
what determines point where one social identity becomes psychologically salient basis for social categorisation
a social category is: chronically accessible + accessible in situation and makes good sense of situ: account for similarity/difference bt/w people account for why people behave as they do
51
what is salience an 'interactive function of'
chronic accessibility and situational accessibility, structural fit and normative fit
52
what 2 underlying process motivates social identities
self enhancement uncertainty reduction identification reduce uncertainty - so if high are more likely identify with extreme group
53
define intergroup relations
relations between 2 or more groups, and their respective members
54
explain how intergroup relations perhaps innate
inherent fear of unfamiliar = negative attitudes
55
apply mere exposure effect to intergroup relations
people’s attitudes towards various stimuli improve through repeated exposures
56
explain how intergroup relation could be learnt
hatred/suspicion of group learnt prior to child knowing anything about them so providing emotional framework that colours all subsequent info - ethnic bias very marked age 4,5 = sociocognitive system reliant on obvious perceptual features unambiguous bases for categorisation and social comparison - however stereotype don’t crystallise until age 10 - shows impact of learning parental attitude
57
name individual and institutional modern discrimination type
individual- microaggressions institutional- tokenism
58
define racial microaggression
brief, commonplace daily verbal, behavioural, environmental indignities intentional or unintentional communicate hostile, derogatory, negative racial slight/insult toward POC
59
name 3 form of microaggression
microinvalidation, microinsult, microassault
60
define microinvalidation
actions (often unconscious) that invalidate experiences, thoughts, feelings of POC eg; I don't see colour
61
define microinsults
actions (often unconscious) that demean racial identity or are otherwise rude or insensitive eg, asking POC how got job
62
define microassaults
racially-motivated actions (often conscious) meant to cause hurt eg, name calling, slurs
63
define tokenism
practice of publicly making small concessions to minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination intergroup context in which very few members of disadvantaged group accepted into position reserved for member of advantaged group, while access systematically denied for vast majority of qualified disadvantaged group members
64
define glass cliff
women more likely to be placed in precarious leadership roles
65
outline Ryan & Haslam (2005), study of glass cliff
- archival study of FTSE 100 companies before and after appointment of a male, female board member - companies appointing women on board were more likely to have performed consistently poorly in preceding 5 months, relative to those that appointed men - similar results in domain of politics that are harder to win
66
define glass ceiling
often women well-represented in middle management but on way up are stopped, as male prej against women with power generate backlash that construct glass ceiling either gender hits glass ceiling if gender stereotypes are inconsistent with organisations norms
67
how may faceism maintain sex stereotype
depictions of men gives great prominance to head, but depictions of women give greater prominance to body - focus of male face conveys women more important for their physical appearances and men more important for their intellectual capacity
68
define reluctance to help
reluctance helping other group to improve position in society, by passively or actively failing to assist their effort, to ensure they stay disadvantaged
69
define reverse discrimination
individuals with residual prejudiced attitudes going out of way to favour members of outgroups
70
how may reverse discrimination impact long and short-term
short-term it can be beneficial however long-term harmful consequence from cognitive dissonance POV/self-perception POV, those who engage in reverse discrimination without external pressure are expected to change attitude and concepts in line with behaviours
71
define new racism
people experience conflict between deepseated emotional antipathy toward racial outgroup, alongside modern egalitarian values that exert pressure to behave in nonprejudiced manner
72
what subtypes are usually represented in each sex and emphasised
women= housewife, sexy woman, career woman, feminist/athelete/lesbian men = businessman, macho
73
apply societal roles and stereotype (genders)
reflecting men/women occupy different societal role, with congruity suggest people behave in ways inconsistent with role expectations
74
what are traditional bias form
overt, blatant, obvious
75
what are modern bias form
covert, subtle, ambiguous
76
suggest what modern prejudice manifested by
- resentment about positive discrimination - denial of continuing discrimination - antagonism about perceived group demands - defence of of traditional values - denial of positive emotions - exaggerated cultural differences
77
give example- denial of positive emotion
gendered language in teacher reviews use rate my professor, prevalence of specific word denial of positive= smart, strong, funnt
78
name 2 ways for explicit prejudice measurement
semantic differentials, likert scales
79
name 2 ways for implicit prejudice measurement
covert measure affective measures (IAT)
80
define semantic differentials (explicit prejudice measurements)
ppts rate target group according to pairs of opposing evaluative words
81
define likert scales (explicit prejudice measurements)
prejudice questionnaires that tap into tradition or modern forms of prejudice state statement, show how much agrees with
82
define covert measures (implicit prejudice measurement)
using behavioural observation
83
define affective measures - IAT (implicit prejudice measurement)
faster to classify things that are related in memory than things that are unrelated using automaticity doesn't strongly predict real prejudice - but effect large enough explaining discriminatory impact that are societally significant as can affect many people simultaneously or repeatedly affects 1
84

PSY2001 SEMESTER 2 (2 decks)

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