PSY1101 Chapter 5 (Sensations & Perception)

Question 1

What is Sensations?

Answer 1

The fundamental elements of the environment that the brain interprets.

Question 2

What is Perception?

Answer 2

The Processing of stimuli to create a sensory understanding of the world.

Question 3

Bottom-up processing:

Answer 3

The processing of physical messages delivered to the senses.

Question 4

Top-down processing:

Answer 4

The integration of a person’s beliefs, memories, and expectations into their sensory experiences to create a perception.

Question 5

What are the Law/Principles of Gestalt?

Answer 5

1) The principle of proximity.
2) The principle of similarity.
3) The principle of closure.
4) The principle of good continuation.
5) The principle of common fate.

Question 6

The principle of proximity:

Answer 6

States that objects that are close to one another will be grouped together.

Question 7

The principle of similarity:

Answer 7

States that objects that are physically similar to one another will be grouped together.

Question 8

The principle of closure:

Answer 8

States that people tend to perceive whole objects even when part of that information is missing.

Question 9

The principle of good continuation:

Answer 9

States that if lines cross each other or are interrupted, people tend to still see continuously flowing lines.

Question 10

The principle of common fate:

Answer 10

States that objects that are moving together will be grouped together.

Question 11

Individuals with myopia (nearsightedness) can see objects much more clearly when they are close, but as objects move farther away, they quickly become harder to discern. Because?

Answer 11

Individuals who are nearsighted have eyes that are longer than average. Because of this, the lens focuses the image before it reaches the retina; by the time light arrives at the photoreceptors, the image is no longer clear.

Question 12

individuals with farsighted vision can see objects in the distance quit clearly but as objects move closer they become blurry because?

Answer 12

because eyes with hyperopia (farsightedness) are shorter than average; as a result, when the image arrives at the retina, it is not yet in focus and is perceived as quite blurry.

Question 13

Cells that can communicate information regarding color?
A) Cones
B) Rods
C) M-cells

Answer 13

A) Cones

Question 14

The photosensitive cells, or photoreceptors in the back of your eye(retina)

Answer 14

Cones and Rods

Question 15

Cone cells:

Answer 15

respond best when there is a lot of light in the environment

Question 16

Rod cells

Answer 16

typically sensitive at lower levels of light and are the primary cells used for night vision.

Question 17

Arrange the parts of the eye below in the order that light must travel to reach the rods and cones.
- lens
- cornea
- retina
- pupil

Answer 17

1) Cornea 2) Pupil 3) Lens 4) Retina

Question 18

Imagine you witness a car accident and instead of stopping, one car continues to drive away. As you focus on the license plate of the fleeing car which part of your eye are you using?

Answer 18

Cones in the center of your vision

Question 19

Diffuse bipolar cells:

Answer 19

Part of the bipolar layer of the retina. These cells receive signals from the rods and send their messages to large (magno) ganglion cells.

Question 20

Midget bipolar cells:

Answer 20

Part of the bipolar layer of the retina. These cells receive signals from cones and send their messages to the small (parvo) ganglion cells.

Question 21

Large Ganglion cells:

Answer 21

Part of the ganglion layer of the retina. Receive signals from the diffuse bipolar cells. The axons of these cells leave the eye and form part of the optic nerve. Also known as magno cells or M-cells.

Question 22

Small Ganglion cells:

Answer 22

Part of the ganglion layer of the retina. Receive signals from the midget bipolar cells. The axons of these cells leave the eye and form part of the optic nerve. Also known as parvo cells or P-cells.

Question 23

Optic chiasm:

Answer 23

An X-shaped structure where the optic nerves from each eye cross before the message is sent to the thalamus.

Question 24

Correctly order the pathway light must travel to reach the Visual Cortex.

Answer 24

1) Cornea 2) Pupil 3) Lens 4) Rods/cones 5) Diffuse and midget bipolar cells 6) M-cells and P-cells 7) Optic chiasm 8) Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the thalamus 9) Visual cortex

Question 25

Short wavelength cones:

Answer 25

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to short cones (e.g., blues). Also known as S-cones.

Question 26

Medium wavelength cones:

Answer 26

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to medium wavelengths of light (e.g., greens and yellows). Also known as M-cones.

Question 27

Long wavelength cones:

Answer 27

Cones in the system that respond maximally to long wavelengths of light (e.g., reds). Also known as L-cones.

Question 28

Trichromatic theory:

Answer 28

A theory of color vision that proposes that color information is identified by comparing the activation of different cones in the retina.

Question 29

Opponent process:

Answer 29

A theory of color vision that suggest that cells in the visual pathway increase their activation when receiving information from one kind of cone and decrease their activation when they see a second color. This opponent process organization is maintained in the LGN of the thalamus.

Question 30

A wavelength of 450 nm is most likely to be perceived as ________.

Answer 30

Blue

Question 31

What are Monocular depth cues?

Answer 31

Monocular cues are also referred to as pictorial cues, or cues that can be represented on a two-dimensional canvas (or retina).

Question 32

Occlusion occurs when:

Answer 32

one image partially blocks the view of a second object. The partially hidden object is seen as farther away than the whole object.

Question 33

Relative height:

Answer 33

Objects closer to the horizon will appear farther away, and the greater the distance between the object and the horizon, the closer the object will appear.

Question 34

Perspective convergence:

Answer 34

is a common cue used in landscapes, and it is a reliable cue for depth. As parallel lines move away from us into the distance, they seem to converge or come closer together

Question 35

Atmospheric perspective:

Answer 35

occurs when more distant objects appear hazy and often have a slight blue tint

Question 36

Monocular depth cues:

Answer 36

Also known as pictorial cues, these depth cues only require one eye to understand messages of depth.

Question 37

Binocular depth cues:

Answer 37

These cues require comparing an image as it falls on both eyes in order to understand how far away an object is from the viewer.

Question 38

As parallel lines move away from us into the distance, they seem to come closer together. Which of the following depth cues is used to perceive this?

Answer 38

Perspective convergence

Question 39

Retinal disparity:

Answer 39

The difference between the retinal image that falls on both eyes. The brain uses disparity to calculate the distance between an individual and an object.

Question 40

Linear perspective:

Answer 40

Parallel lines appear to grow closer to each other in the distance.

Question 41

Frequency:

Answer 41

The physical measurement of pitch, or how high/low a sound is. It is measured in Hertz (Hz).

Question 42

Intensity:

Answer 42

The physical measurement of the loudness of a sound. This is measured in decibels (dB).

Question 43

The ossicles consist of:

Answer 43

• The malleus
• The incus
• The stapes

Question 44

Ossicles:

Answer 44

The three smallest bones in the body. They are responsible for amplifying vibrations arriving at the eardrum and transmitting these signals to the oval window of the cochlea. The three ossicles or called: The Malleus(Hammer), the Incus(Anvil) and the Stapes(Stirrup).

Question 45

Basilar membrane:

Answer 45

The tissue inside the cochlea where the hair cells are located.

Question 46

Transduction:

Answer 46

The process by which external sensations are converted into neural firing in the brain.

Question 47

Semicircular canals:

Answer 47

The semicircular canals are three bony chambers that are connected to the cochlea. The fluid moving in each chamber provides directional information to our vestibular system

Question 48

Hair cells:

Answer 48

The sensory neurons inside the inner ear that convert sound into neural firing.

Question 49

Place theory:

Answer 49

The theory of audition that suggests we understand pitch because of the location of firing on the basilar membrane.

Question 50

Frequency theory:

Answer 50

The theory of audition that suggests we understand pitch because of the rate of cellular firing on the basilar membrane.

Question 51

The loudness of the sound corresponds to which of the following? Select all that apply.
- a) Amplitude of the wave
b) Intensity of the wave
c) Frequency of the wave
d) Color of the wave

Answer 51

A and B—> Amplitude of the wave and the intensity of the wave.

Question 52

The Kinesthetic sense:

Answer 52

Our kinesthetic sense provides us with a basic understanding of where our body is in space and how to move our bodies to accomplish specific tasks.

Question 53

The Vestibular Sense

Answer 53

The kinesthetic sense works closely with our sense of balance, or our vestibular sense.

Question 54

Difference Threshold

Answer 54

This is the smallest amount of a particular stimulus required for a difference in magnitude to be detected.