Psy- Testing & A - Chapter 2 Flashcards

Question

Validiy

Answer 1

The concept of validity was formulated by Kelly (1927, p. 14) who stated that a test is valid if it measures what it claims to measure. For example a test of intelligence should measure intelligence and not something else (such as memory).

Answer 2

Does your measure detect/ reflect clinically significant change? Do scores reflect actual changes in a person's health or psychological state?

Answer 3

How practical is it for everyday use? Time to complete, expense Readability/reading age User friendly? Burden

Answer 4

Stanley smith Stevens. (1906-1973) In its broadcast sense, measurement is the business of pinning number on things. More specifically, it is the assignment of numbers to objects or events in accordance with a rule of some sort SS Stevens (1958), scienc, 127, p. 348 This general definition of measurement is consistent with measurement in psychology too. (Psychological measurement is often referred to as psychometrics.) Imagine, for example, that a cognitive psychologist wants to measure a person’s working memory capacity—his or her ability to hold in mind and think about several pieces of information all at the same time.

Answer 5

Many variables studied by psychologists are straightforward and simple to measure. These include sex, age, height, weight, and birth order. You can often tell whether someone is male or female just by looking. You can ask people how old they are and be reasonably sure that they know and will tell you. Although people might not know or want to tell you how much they weigh, you can have them step onto a bathroom scale. Other variables studied by psychologists—perhaps the majority—are not so straightforward or simple to measure. We cannot accurately assess people’s level of intelligence by looking at them, and we certainly cannot put their self-esteem on a bathroom scale. These kinds of variables are called constructs (pronounced CON-structs) and include personality traits (e.g., extraversion), emotional states (e.g., fear), attitudes (e.g., toward taxes), and abilities (e.g., athleticism). Psychological constructs cannot be observed directly. One reason is that they often represent tendencies to think, feel, or act in certain ways. For example, to say that a particular university student is highly extraverted does not necessarily mean that she is behaving in an extraverted way right now. In fact, she might be sitting quietly by herself, reading a book. Instead, it means that she has a general tendency to behave in extraverted ways (talking, laughing, etc.) across a variety of situations. Another reason psychological constructs cannot be observed directly is that they often involve internal processes. Fear, for example, involves the activation of certain central and peripheral nervous system structures, along with certain kinds of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours—none of which is necessarily obvious to an outside observer. Notice also that neither extraversion nor fear “reduces to” any particular thought, feeling, act, or physiological structure or process. Instead, each is a kind of summary of a complex set of behaviours and internal processes.

Answer 6

Measuring latent variables sometimes known as "factors"

Answer 7

1-Factor analysis 2-confirmatory factor analysis 3- Rasch analysis

Answer 8

A class of mathematical procedure, frequently employed as data, designed identify variables on which people

Answer 9

A class of mathematical procedures employed when a factor structure that has been explicitly hypothesised is tested for its fit with the observed relationships between the variables

Answer 10

``` In measurement, our intent is to use numbers (which are really raw scores/ratings) to indicate "more" or "less" of the trait that is presumed to be homogeneous; actually an important part of investigation is to verify that the data reflect that homogeneity. Rasch Analysis (RA) is a unique approach of mathematical modeling based upon a latent trait and accomplishes stochastic (probabilistic) conjoint additivity (conjoint means measurement of persons and items on the same scale and additivity is the equal-interval property of the scale ). ```

Answer 11

The type of statically methods appropriate for analysing our data depend on which level we are measuring

Answer 12

Interval or ratio

Answer 13

It refers to the summed score for one individual from a scale of psychological test or questionnaire ( without any modification or transformation ) It is straight forward, unmodified accounting of performance, usually numerical and typically used for evaluation or diagnosis

Answer 14

By using statistical procedure | Some tests used statistical procedure to transform or convert the raw score in to a standard score

Answer 15

A raw score that has been converted from one scale to another

Answer 16

Weschler adult intelligence acqle

Answer 17

On WAIS there are 14 sub scales that all scored differently and range from 1-10

Answer 18

A frequency can be defined as how often something happens. For example, the number of dogs that people own in a neighborhood is a frequency.

Answer 19

A distribution refers to the pattern of these frequencies.

Answer 20

Mean and median are equal

Answer 21

It refers to how steep or peaked a distribution of scores is

Answer 22

1- platykurtic = relatively flat 2- leptokurtic = relatively peaked 3- mesokuritic =mid rang

Answer 23

Is a statistic that indicates the average or midmost score between the extremes in a distribution What is happening in the middle

Answer 24

Mean Median Mode

Answer 25

These statistics provide important information about how the raw test scores cluster around the middle or centre of the range of scores

Answer 26

Mean is the average score Median is the middle score Mode is the most common or frequent score'

Answer 27

The average score Correctly know as the arithmetic mean (there are other types of mean) Sum all the scores and divide by the number of scores ' X= EX/n

Answer 28

The mean for a frequency distribution ``` X. F. Fx --- ---- ----- 43. 1. 43 47. 2. 86 Ef =3. E fx= 129. X= E(fx)n ```

Answer 29

the median Half the scores in our samples lie below the median and half lie above the medians Good measure of central tendency -less sensitive to outliers than the mean which can be distorted by a few extreme (v. Low or v. High) sorces

Answer 30

The mode is the score or mark in our sample that occurs the most frequently There can be more than one mode E.g. Bimodal distribution

Answer 31

A measure of central tendency is a statistic that indicates the average or midmost score between the extremes in a distribution It's all about what is happening in the middle

Answer 32

These statistics provide important information about how the raw test scores cluster around the middle or centre of the range of scores

Answer 33

Mean is the average score M Dian is the middle score Mode is the most common or frequent score

Answer 34

The average score Correctly know as the arithmetic mean Sum all the scores and Di ide by number of scores

Answer 35

Half of the scores in our sample lie below the media. And half lie above the median Good measure of central tendency Less sensitive to outliers than the mean which can be distorted by a few extreme ( v. Low or v. High) scores

Answer 36

The mode is the score or mark in our sample that occurs the most frequently There camps be more than one mode I.e. Bimodal distribution

Answer 37

Variability is an indication of how scores in a distribution are scattered or dispersed

Answer 38

Range Interquartile ranges Variance Standard deviation

Answer 39

Difference between the highest and the lowest scores in our sample R-= h-l

Answer 40

A measure of the variability. Variation in scores, or spread of distributions

Answer 41

The SD is equal to the square root of the variance C&S we may define the standard deviation as a measure of variability equal to the square root of the average square deviations about the mea