Psy- Testing & A - Chapter 2 Flashcards
What are psychological context
Clinical, educational, vocational (rehabilitation ) Organisational / industrial Military Legal/forensic Private/ practice
What are psychological assessment components
Referral question Information gathering - file, case , notes , etc -interview with person and / or significant others - hypothesis. Generation ******** ( building hypothesis ) - psychological testing - further information gathering -case formulation Report Follow up
Case formulation
Is that process , psychologist puts together and integrate and emphasise all the information from all these different sources and tries to make some sort of statement in the report about what is going on in this person’s life at this point and time
Psychological assement
It is not just about general fact, it’s Abu gathering lots of data from different sources , interview , psychological test, behaviour observation, and putting all together to answer question or hypothesis. It is about building the hypothesis up and what might be happening in person’s life and try to find out evidence to support or decline those hypothesis
Feral question
The specific question/s are the reasons why assessment south
Like does Mrs. jones is experiencing her early stages of dementia
What is the neuro-psychological assessment process
Referral letter File, case notes Interview - mrs Jones, significant other History Hypothesis generation Psychometric testing
What is hypothesis generation?
hypothesis generation is what helps you come up with new ideas for what you need to change. … Hypothesis generation might include things like: Talking to people who buy shoes online to explore what their problems are
What is case formulation
Case formulation, also known as clinical formulation, is a theoretical explanation or conceptualization of the information obtained from a clinical assessment.
Referral questions examples or scenarios
Mrs. Jones GP refers her for neuropsychological r to see if there is any evidence of dementia
What is DAT
DAT is a progressive brain disease
Testing memory
Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT)
Attention test
Trail making test
Perception/ motor skills
Block design
Intellectual functioning
WAIS-IV
Geriatric depression scales (GDS)
Is a self report measure of depression in older adultuū
Impairment (disorder)
The score below what is expected for someone of her age , gender taking into account her educational vocational history
How the GDS scores work
0-9 = normal
10-19=mildly depressed
20-30= severely depressed
Psychological assessment
Is the gathering and integration of psychology-related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation that is accomplished through the use of tools such as tests, interviews, case studies, behavioural observation, and specially designed apparatuses and measurement procedures
Psychological testing
As the process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behaviour
Pcychometrics
The scientific study and measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality and other psychological characteristics
Measuring soul
Latent variables
The variables that are not directly observable
Manifest
Directly observed
Scales : criteria for determining if a scale is a good measure to use
Standardised measures of a particular psychological variable such as personality, intelligence or emotional functioning
Reliability
The term reliability in psychological research refers to the consistency of a research study or measuring test.
Validiy
The concept of validity was formulated by Kelly (1927, p. 14) who stated that a test is valid if it measures what it claims to measure.
For example a test of intelligence should measure intelligence and not something else (such as memory).
Responsiveness
Does your measure detect/ reflect clinically significant change?
Do scores reflect actual changes in a person’s health or psychological state?
Utility
How practical is it for everyday use?
Time to complete, expense
Readability/reading age
User friendly? Burden
What is psychological measurement ?
Stanley smith Stevens. (1906-1973)
In its broadcast sense, measurement is the business of pinning number on things. More specifically, it is the assignment of numbers to objects or events in accordance with a rule of some sort
SS Stevens (1958), scienc, 127, p. 348
This general definition of measurement is consistent with measurement in psychology too. (Psychological measurement is often referred to as psychometrics.) Imagine, for example, that a cognitive psychologist wants to measure a person’s working memory capacity—his or her ability to hold in mind and think about several pieces of information all at the same time.
Psychological construction
Many variables studied by psychologists are straightforward and simple to measure. These include sex, age, height, weight, and birth order. You can often tell whether someone is male or female just by looking. You can ask people how old they are and be reasonably sure that they know and will tell you. Although people might not know or want to tell you how much they weigh, you can have them step onto a bathroom scale. Other variables studied by psychologists—perhaps the majority—are not so straightforward or simple to measure. We cannot accurately assess people’s level of intelligence by looking at them, and we certainly cannot put their self-esteem on a bathroom scale. These kinds of variables are called constructs (pronounced CON-structs) and include personality traits (e.g., extraversion), emotional states (e.g., fear), attitudes (e.g., toward taxes), and abilities (e.g., athleticism).
Psychological constructs cannot be observed directly. One reason is that they often represent tendencies to think, feel, or act in certain ways. For example, to say that a particular university student is highly extraverted does not necessarily mean that she is behaving in an extraverted way right now. In fact, she might be sitting quietly by herself, reading a book. Instead, it means that she has a general tendency to behave in extraverted ways (talking, laughing, etc.) across a variety of situations. Another reason psychological constructs cannot be observed directly is that they often involve internal processes. Fear, for example, involves the activation of certain central and peripheral nervous system structures, along with certain kinds of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours—none of which is necessarily obvious to an outside observer. Notice also that neither extraversion nor fear “reduces to” any particular thought, feeling, act, or physiological structure or process. Instead, each is a kind of summary of a complex set of behaviours and internal processes.
Factors
Measuring latent variables sometimes known as “factors”
What are parts of psychometric or statistical approaches to identifying latent variables
1-Factor analysis
2-confirmatory factor analysis
3- Rasch analysis
What is factor analysis
A class of mathematical procedure, frequently employed as data, designed identify variables on which people
Confirmatory factor analysis CFA
A class of mathematical procedures employed when a factor structure that has been explicitly hypothesised is tested for its fit with the observed relationships between the variables
Rasch analysis
In measurement, our intent is to use numbers (which are really raw scores/ratings) to indicate "more" or "less" of the trait that is presumed to be homogeneous; actually an important part of investigation is to verify that the data reflect that homogeneity. Rasch Analysis (RA) is a unique approach of mathematical modeling based upon a latent trait and accomplishes stochastic (probabilistic) conjoint additivity (conjoint means measurement of persons and items on the same scale and additivity is the equal-interval property of the scale ).
Why it is important to be clear about which level you are measuring?
The type of statically methods appropriate for analysing our data depend on which level we are measuring
We should only use “non- parametric” which level of measuring?
Ordinal
We should use “parametric statistic” which level of measuring ?
Interval or ratio
Most psychological data is ….
Ordinal
What is Raw Score?
It refers to the summed score for one individual from a scale of psychological test or questionnaire ( without any modification or transformation )
It is straight forward, unmodified accounting of performance, usually numerical and typically used for evaluation or diagnosis
How we can convert or transform raw score in to standard score?
By using statistical procedure
Some tests used statistical procedure to transform or convert the raw score in to a standard score
What is standard score
A raw score that has been converted from one scale to another
WAIS
Weschler adult intelligence acqle
Give an example to show that there are scale or sub scales has been converted
On WAIS there are 14 sub scales that all scored differently and range from 1-10
Frequency
A frequency can be defined as how often something happens. For example, the number of dogs that people own in a neighborhood is a frequency.
Distribution
A distribution refers to the pattern of these frequencies.
One of the characteristics of normal distribution
Mean and median are equal
What is Kurtosis
It refers to how steep or peaked a distribution of scores is
Three types of Kurtosis
1- platykurtic = relatively flat
2- leptokurtic = relatively peaked
3- mesokuritic =mid rang
Measures of central tendency
Is a statistic that indicates the average or midmost score between the extremes in a distribution
What is happening in the middle
Three kinds of measuring of central tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
What is mean, median and mode I’m measuring of central tendency
These statistics provide important information about how the raw test scores cluster around the middle or centre of the range of scores
How to describe mean, median and mode
Mean is the average score
Median is the middle score
Mode is the most common or frequent score’
The mean
The average score
Correctly know as the arithmetic mean (there are other types of mean)
Sum all the scores and divide by the number of scores
’
X= EX/n
The mean foe a frequency
E (FX)/n
The mean for a frequency
The mean for a frequency distribution
X. F. Fx
--- ---- -----
43. 1. 43
47. 2. 86
Ef =3. E fx= 129. X= E(fx)n
The median
the median
Half the scores in our samples lie below the median and half lie above the medians
Good measure of central tendency
-less sensitive to outliers than the mean which can be distorted by a few extreme (v. Low or v. High) sorces
The mode
The mode is the score or mark in our sample that occurs the most frequently
There can be more than one mode
E.g. Bimodal distribution
Measures of central tendency
A measure of central tendency is a statistic that indicates the average or midmost score between the extremes in a distribution
It’s all about what is happening in the middle
Mean median mode
These statistics provide important information about how the raw test scores cluster around the middle or centre of the range of scores
Mean median mode
Mean is the average score
M Dian is the middle score
Mode is the most common or frequent score
The mean
The average score
Correctly know as the arithmetic mean
Sum all the scores and Di ide by number of scores
The median
Half of the scores in our sample lie below the media. And half lie above the median
Good measure of central tendency
Less sensitive to outliers than the mean which can be distorted by a few extreme ( v. Low or v. High) scores
The mode
The mode is the score or mark in our sample that occurs the most frequently
There camps be more than one mode
I.e. Bimodal distribution
Measures of variability
Variability is an indication of how scores in a distribution are scattered or dispersed
Measures of variability
Range
Interquartile ranges
Variance
Standard deviation
Range
Difference between the highest and the lowest scores in our sample
R-= h-l
Measures of variability
A measure of the variability. Variation in scores, or spread of distributions
Standard deviation
The SD is equal to the square root of the variance
C&S we may define the standard deviation as a measure of variability equal to the square root of the average square deviations about the mea
