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Geography Quiz3 > Psy Test 1,3,4 > Flashcards

Psy Test 1,3,4 Flashcards

Test #1

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1
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Understanding the conscious experience through introspection. (Wilhelm Mundt)

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2
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment. (William James)

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3
Q

What is the psychoanalytic theory?

A

Focuses on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior. (Sig Freud)

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4
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

Focuses on humans as a whole instead of individual parts. (Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler)

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5
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Focuses on observing and controlling behavior. (Pavlov, Skinner, Watson)

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6
Q

What is humanism?

A

Emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. (Abraham, Maslow, Carl Rogers)

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7
Q

Who was Wilhelm Mundt?

A

(Structuralism) Created the first laboratory for psychological research, and he focused on the structure and characteristics of the mind through introspection.

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8
Q

What is introspection?

A

Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in attempt to break it into it’s component parts.

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9
Q

Who was William James?

A

(Functionalism) He drew on the functionality of cognitive processes, establishing fuctionalism.

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10
Q

Who was Sig Freud?

A

(Psychoanalytic Theory) He studied “hysteria” and neurosis. Theorized that problems arose from the unconscious mind, and believed the unconscious mind could be accessed through dream analysis.

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11
Q

What is the Psychoanalytic Theory?

A

Focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious and childhood experiences.

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12
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

Gestalt: Whole
Although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how these parts relate as a “whole” is often what the person responds to in perception.

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13
Q

Who was Ian Pavlov?

A

(Classical conditioning) He studied reflexes response to stimuli, and over time was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus.

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14
Q

Who was John B. Watson?

A

(Behaviorism) Believed that objective analysis of the mind was impossible. He focused on observed behavior and ways to bring it under control.

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15
Q

Who was B.F. Skinner?

A

(Behaviorism) Studied how behavior was affected by its consequences, and studied modified behavior through reinforcement and punishment that he saw as major factors in driving behavior. (Operant conditioning)

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16
Q

Who was Abraham Maslow?

A

(Humanism) He proposed a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior. If the basic needs are met, the higher level needs begin to motivate behavior.

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17
Q

Who was Carl Rogers?

A

(Humanism) He developed client centered therapy that involves the patient taking lead role in therapy session. He believed that therapist need: Unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness.

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18
Q

What was the Cognitive Revolution?

A

In the 50’s, new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science was emerging.

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19
Q

Who was Noah Chomsky?

A

He was influential in the cognitive revolution, and believed psychology needed to incorporate mental functioning into its focus in order to fully understand human behavior.

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20
Q

Who was Margret Floy Washburn?

A

She was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology, and she researched animal behavior.

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21
Q

What is Biopsychology?

A

Is the study of how the structure and function of the nervous system generates behavior.

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22
Q

What does the research of Biopsychology include?

A

Sensory/motor, sleep, drug use/abuse, ingestive behavior, reproductive behavior, neurodevelopment, plasticity of nervous system, biological correlates of disorders.

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23
Q

What does sensation and perception focus on?

A

Both the physiological aspects of sensory systems and psychological experience of sensory information.

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24
Q

What is Developmental Psychology?

A

It studies the physical and mental attributes of aging/maturity; can include skills acquired throughout growth: Moral reasoning, cognitive skills, and social skills.

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25
Q

Who was Jean Piaget?

A

Famous for his theories regarding changes in cognitive ability that occur as we move from infants into adulthood.

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26
Q

What is personality psychology?

A

Focuses on thought patterns that are unique to each individual. Studies in the field include: conscious/unconscious thinking and identifying personality traits.

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27
Q

What is Social psychology?

A

How we interact with others and how those interactions affect our behavior. EX: Prejudice, attraction, interpersonal conflicts, and obedience.

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28
Q

What is Health psychology?

A

Focuses on how individual health is directly related or affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences.

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29
Q

What is clinical psychology?

A

Focuses on diagnosis and treatment of disorders and problematic patterns of behavior. Study involves clinical therapy and counseling.

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30
Q

Industrial - Organizational

A

Applies psychological theories, principles, and research to industrial and organization settings. (Work places)

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31
Q

Sports/Exercise psychology:

A

Focuses on the psychological aspects regarding sports and physical performance. Study involves: motivation, performance related anxiety, and general metal well being.

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32
Q

What is Biopsychology?

A

Explores the biological mechanism that underlie behavior.
- it studies: Genetics, focusing on how inherited genes can affect not just the physiological, but the psychological traits of a person; the structure and function of the nervous system.; how the nervous system interacts with the endocrine system.

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33
Q

What is human genetics?

A

Studying human genetics can help researchers understand the biological basis underlying the different behaviors, thoughts, and reactions of humans.

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34
Q

What is the Theory of Evolution?

A

Charles Darwin explored the concept of inheritance of traits throughout generations in his theory of evolution through natural selection.
The organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited will die.

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35
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

The genetic differences between people, it contributes to a species adaptation to its environment, begins with an egg (23 chromosomes) and is fertilized with a sperm (23 chromosomes).

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36
Q

Alleles are what?

A

Multiple possible variations in a gene.

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37
Q

Genotype is what?

A

Refers to the genetic make-up of an individual based on the DNA inherited from one’s parents.

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38
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Describes an individual’s observable characteristics: Hair, skin, height, build.

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39
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

The majority of inheritable traits that are controlled by one or more genes.

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40
Q

Alleles can be ________ and ______.

A

Dominant and Recessive.

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41
Q

Possession of a dominant allele will always result in the expression of that:

A

Phenotype

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42
Q

The phenotype of a recessive allele will only be physically expressed if the person is what?

A

Homozygous for that allele, meaning they inherited a recessive allele from both parents.

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43
Q

Heterozygous is

A

Two different alleles (Aa)

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44
Q

Homozygous is:

A

Two identical alleles (AA/aa)

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45
Q

Where so harmful genes like PKU come from?

A

Some are the result of mutations.

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46
Q

What is Gene Environmental Interactions?

A

The interaction of our environment and genes make us the individuals we are.
SEE Key Terms: Range of Reaction
Genetic Env. Correlation
Epigenetics

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47
Q

The semi-permeable membrane allows:

A

Smaller molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules.

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48
Q

Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the:

A

Dendrites

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49
Q

Axons are covered in a:

A

Myelin sheath made of fatty substance that insulates axons and allows the signal to travel down the axon quicker.

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50
Q

What are terminal buttons?

A

They are located at the end of the axons, and they contain synaptic vessels.

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51
Q

Synaptic vessels are storage sites for chemical messengers called:

A

Neurotransmitters

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52
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Is the space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.

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53
Q

What is action potential?

A

the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

54
Q

What is Depolarization?

A

Membrane potential becomes less negative making the neuron more likely to fire (excitation)

55
Q

What is Hyperpolarization?

A

Membrane potential becomes more negative making the neuron less likely to fire (inhibitions)

56
Q

What is Threshold of Excitation?

A

Level of change in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active.

57
Q

What is Action Potential?

A

Is an electrical signal. They act on all-or-none principle - either the incoming signal is either sufficient to reach the threshold of excitation or it is not.

58
Q

What is reputake?

A

Involves moving a neurotransmitter from the synapse back into the axon terminal in which it came.
(Once an action potential has occurred, excess neurotransmitters in the synapse either drift away, are broken down, or are reabsorbed.

59
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Is a chemical messenger of the nervous system.

60
Q

What is a Biological perspective?

A

View that psychological disorders like depression or schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitters.

61
Q

What is acetycholine?

A

Muscle, action, and memory.

62
Q

What is Beta - endorphin?

A

Pain and pleasure

63
Q

What is Dopamine?

A

Mood, sleep, and learnign.

64
Q

What is Norepinephrine?

A

Heart, intestines, and alertness.

65
Q

What is serotonin?

A

Mood and sleep

66
Q

What is a psychotropic medication?

A

Drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring the neurotransmitters.

67
Q

What’s an agonist drug?

A

Drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter.

68
Q

What is an antagonist drug?

A

Drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter.

69
Q

Agonist/Antagonist drugs are prescribed to:

A

Correct neurotransmitter imbalances.

70
Q

The Nervous System is divided into two parts:

A

The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System.

71
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of two different parts:

A

Somatic and Autonomic

72
Q

The Somatic NS:

A

Relays sensory and motor information to and from the Central NS

73
Q

The Autonomic NS:

A

Controls our internal organs and glands.

74
Q

The Parasympathetic NS:

A

Associated with day-to-day routine and operations of the body.

75
Q

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS compliment each other to maintain:

A

Homeostasis

76
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Awareness of internal and external stimuli.

77
Q

What is wakefulness?

A

High levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.

78
Q

What are Biological rhythms?

A

Internal cycle of biological activity including: body temp fluxuation, menstrual cycles, and levels of alertness.

79
Q

What are Circadian Rythyms?

A

Biological rhythm that occurs every 24 hours.
Generated by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

80
Q

What does the spinal cord do and have?

A

It delivers messages to and from the brain, it has its own system of reflexes, it is organized into 30 segments that are each connected to a specific part of the body through PNS.

81
Q

What is lateralization?

A

The concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions.

82
Q

The surface of the brain is covered with:

A

Gyri and Sulci.

83
Q

A deep sulcus is called a :

A

Fissure

84
Q

The Corpus Callosum connects the:

A

Left and right hemispheres of the brain.

85
Q

The largest part of the brain is the:

A

Forebrain.

86
Q

The forebrain contains the: (5 of them)

A

Cerebral Cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Limbic System

87
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities such as: Consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory.

88
Q

The Cerebral Cortex can be broken down into four lobes, what are they?

A

The Frontal Lobe
The Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe

89
Q

The Frontal Lobe is involved in:

A

Executive functioning, motor control, emotion, and language.

90
Q

The Frontal Lobe contains the: (3 of them)

A

The Motor Cortex, The Prefrontal Cortex, and the Broca’s Area.

91
Q

The Motor Cortex is the:

A

strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement.

92
Q

The Prefrontal Cortex is responsible for:

A

Higher level cognitive functioning.

93
Q

The Broca’s Area is:

A

The region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production.

94
Q

The Parietal Lobe is:

A

Involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information.

95
Q

The parietal lobe contains the:

A

Primary somatosensory cortex.

96
Q

The Primary Somatosensory Cortex:

A

Essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.

97
Q

The Temporal Lobe is associated with:

A

Hearing, memory, and some aspects of language.

98
Q

The Temporal Lobe contains:

A

The auditory cortex and the Wernicke’s area.

99
Q

The auditory cortex is:

A

Strip of the cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information.

100
Q

The Wernicke’s Area is:

A

Important for speech and comprehension.

101
Q

The Occipital Lobe:

A

Associated with visual processing.

102
Q

The Occipital Lobe contains:

A

The primary visual cortex which is responsible for interpreting incoming visual information.

103
Q

The Thalamus is:

A

Serves as the relay center of the brain where most senses are routed for processing.

104
Q

The Limbic System is:

A

Involved in mediating emotional response and memory.

105
Q

The Limbic System is made up of: (3 things)

A

The Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Hypothalamus.

106
Q

Amygdala is:

A

Is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. It is involved in processing fear.

107
Q

The Hippocampus is:

A

Structure associated with learning and memory ( spatial memory in particular)

108
Q

The Hypothalamus is:

A

Regulated homeostatic processes including body temperature, appetite, and blood pressure.

109
Q

The Mid Brain houses:

A

The Substantia Nigra, and the Ventral Tegmental Area

110
Q

The Substantia Nigra is:

A

Where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement.

111
Q

The Ventral Tegmental Area is:

A

Where dopamine is produced; associated with mood, reward, and addiction.

112
Q

The Hindbrain contains the: (3 things)

A

The Medulla, Pons, and the Cerebellum.

113
Q

The Medulla controls:

A

Automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.

114
Q

The Pons connect the:

A

Brain and the spinal cord; regulates brain activity during sleep.

115
Q

The Cerebellum:

A

Controls balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory.

116
Q

The Medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum combined are known as the:

A

Brain stem

117
Q

Techniques involving radiation:

A

CT and PET Scans

118
Q

Techniques involving Magnetic Fields:

A

MRI and fMRI

119
Q

Techniques involving Electrical Activity:

A

EEG

120
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT) involves:

A

X-rays and creates an image through x-rays passing through varied densities in the brain.

121
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET):

A

Involves injecting an individual with a mildly radioactive substance and monitors changes in blood flow to different regions of the brain.

122
Q

MRI:

A

Uses magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged.

123
Q

fMRI:

A

A MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time.

124
Q

What is Electroencephalography (EEG):

A

Involves recording the electrical activty of the brain via electrodes on the scalp.

125
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

A series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones.

126
Q

The ____ links the nervous system and endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland:

A

Hypothalamus

127
Q

Pituitary gland:

A

Serves as the master gland, controlling the secretions of all other glands.

128
Q

Thyroid:

A

Secretes Thyroxine, which regulates growth, metabolism, and appetite.

129
Q

Adrenal Gland:

A

Secretes hormones involved in the stress response.

130
Q

Gonad:

A

Secretes sex hormones, which are important for reproduction, and regulates sexual behavior and motivation.

131
Q

Pancreas:

A

Secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar.

132
Q
A

Geography Quiz3 (2 decks)

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