PSY Exam 3 Flashcards
Learning (John B. Watson)
Is any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience.
Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
-Elicited responses
-Learning as a result of association
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
Unonditioned response (UR)
is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
Conditioned response (CR)
is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
What are key new directions and applications of the principles of conditioning?
Acquisition: refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency.
Extinction: the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
Spontaneous recovery: is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus generalization: occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
Stimulus discrimination: occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
Renewal effect
research has uncovered a related phenomenon
Higher-order conditioning
in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.
Operant conditioning (Skinner & Thorndike)
Stimulus follows the response and strengthens it
-Emitted Responses
-Learning as a result of consequences
Shaping
the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
Resistance to extinction
occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.
Discriminative stimuli
are cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response.
How are primary & secondary reinforcers different?
Primary reinforcers -are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.
Secondary, or conditioned reinforcers- are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
Schedule of reinforcement
is a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.
Continuous reinforcement
occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced.
Intermittent (partial) reinforcement
occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.
Positive Punishment
arrival of a stimulus after response makes less likely to reoccur
Positive reinforcement
occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
Negative Punishment
Removal of a stimulus after response makes response less likely to reoccur
Negative reinforcement
occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.
Escape learning
an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.
Observational learning
occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
Attention- To learn through observation, you must pay attention to another person’s behavior and its consequences.
Retention- You may not have occasion to use an observed response for weeks, months, or even years. Thus, you must store a mental representation of what you have witnessed in your memory.
Reproduction- Enacting a modeled response depends on your ability to reproduce the response by converting your stored mental images into overt behavior.
Motivation- Finally, you are unlikely to reproduce an observed response unless you are motivated to do so. Your motivation depends on whether you encounter a situation in which you believe the response is likely to pay off for you.
Behavior modification
is a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.
What is personality?
Personality- general style of interacting
Trait- Stable predisposition to behave a certain way
State- temporary disposition
Factor analysis
correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables.
Extraversion- People who score high in extraversion are characterized as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious. They also have a more positive outlook on life and are motivated to pursue social contact, intimacy, and interdependence
Neuroticism- People who score high in neuroticism tend to be anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable. They also tend to exhibit more impulsiveness and emotional instability than others
Openness to experience- Openness is associated with curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness, intellectual pursuits, interests in new ideas, and unconventional attitudes. People who are high in openness also tend to be tolerant of ambiguity
Agreeableness- Those who score high in agreeableness tend to be warm, sympathetic, trusting, compassionate, cooperative, modest, and straightforward. Agreeableness is also correlated with empathy and helping behavior
Conscientiousness- Conscientious people tend to be diligent, well-organized, punctual, and dependable. Conscientiousness is associated with strong self-discipline and the ability to regulate oneself effectively
Id
-instinctual drives
-pleasure principle
-“devil” (selfish)
Ego
-decision making
-reality principle
-mediator
-“self”
Superego
-Moral
-Right v. wrong
-Responsible for guilt
-“angel”
