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Psych > Psy Exam #1 > Flashcards

Psy Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is white matter?

A

bundles of myelinated neurons

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2
Q

What is gray matter?

A

bundles of unmyelinated neurons

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3
Q

What are the three types of neurons

A

1) Afferent Neurons: (sensory)
- eyes and ears
2) Efferent Neurons: (motor)
- Out to the peripheral system
3) Interneurons: (Brain)
- Shuffling information around

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4
Q

What is the saltatory conduction process?

A

Skips from node to node down the axon, speeding the arrival of the impulse

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5
Q

what structure contains the neurotransmitters?

A

Terminal buttons - at the end of the axon

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6
Q

What is the purpose of myelin sheath on the axon?

A

It allows the electrical impulses to travel quickly and efficiently between one nerve cell and the next. It maintains the strength of the impulse message as it travels down the axon.

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7
Q

What are the responsibilities of the Glial Cells?

A

1) Provide Nutrients
2) Clean up Waste
3) Hold Neurons in place
4) Insulate Neurons - Myelin is created by glial cells
5) Remove dead neurons

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8
Q

The types of glial cells in the central nervous system:

A

1) Ependymal
2) Astrocytes
3) Microglia
4) Oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

The function of Ependymal cells:

A

Line ventricle ical and make cerebral-spinal fluid

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10
Q

The function of Astrocytes:

A

1) Provide Nutrients
2) Clean up waste
3) Hold neurons in place

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11
Q

The function of Microglia:

A

Respond to infection and damage

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12
Q

What is the function of Oligodendrocytes:

A

Insulate neurons (myelin sheath) in the central nervous system

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13
Q

The glial cells in the peripheral nervous system:

A

1) Satellite Cells
2) Schwann Cells

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14
Q

What is the function of Satellite Cells:

A
  • Provide nutrients
  • Clean up waste
  • Hold neurons in place
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15
Q

What is the function of Schwann Cells:

A
  • Insulate neurons (myelin sheaths) in the peripheral nervous system
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16
Q

Two types of general neurotransmitters:

A

1) Excitatory
2) Inhibitor

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17
Q

What is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A
  • Excitatory neurotransmitters “excite” the neuron and cause it to “fire off the message,” meaning, the message continues to be passed along to the next cell.
  • Depolarization: Initiated by the opening of sodium ion channels within the plasma membrane.
    * Encourage the post-synaptic firing
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18
Q

What is an inhibitor neurotransmitter?

A
  • Inhibitory neurotransmitters block or prevent the chemical message from being passed along any farther.
  • Hyperpolarizing: a change in a cell’s membrane potential that makes it more negative. It inhibits action potentials by increasing the stimulus required to move the membrane potential to the action potential threshold.
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19
Q

Describe Glutamate neurotransmitter:

A
  • (excitatory)
  • NMPA and AMPA receptors
  • Sensory neurons
  • Learning
  • Deactivated by alcohol
  • precursor for GADA
20
Q

Describe Gamma- amino- butyric acid ( GABA)

A
  • (inhibitory)
  • Anxiety regulation
  • Learning
  • GABA receptor sites stimulated
21
Q

Describe Acetylcholine:

A
  • Both an excitatory and Inhibitory
  • muscle movement
  • attention and alertness
  • memory
    • Hippocampus
  • sleep and dreaming ( REM)
  • receptors activation by nicotine
22
Q

What is the blood brain barrierr?

A

Makes the movement of substances from blood vessels into cells more difficult in the brain than in other body organs to protect exposure to substances found in the body.

23
Q

How many components does the brainstem have?

A

4:
1) Medulla
2) Reticular Formation
3) Pons
4) Cerebellum

24
Q

What is the function of the Medulla?

A

An extension of the spinal cord into the skull
- Coordinates heart rate
- Blood circulation and respiration

25
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A
  • Regulates circadian rhythm
  • Regulates wakefulness
  • Regulates levels of arousal
26
Q

What is the function of the Pons?

A
  • Relays sensory information
  • Relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
  • Controls Respiration
27
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • Controls fine motor skills
  • Coordination
  • Balance
  • More complex than cortex
28
Q

How many main components are in the Midbrain?

A

3:
1) Tegmentum
2) Tectum
3) Substantia Nigra

29
Q

What is the function of the tegmentum?

A
  • Involved in movement and arousal
  • It also helps to orient an organism toward sensory stimuli
  • Sleep- Wake states
30
Q

What is the function of the Tectum?

A
  • Receives stimulus input from the eyes, ears, skin, and moves the organism in a coordinated way toward the stimulus
  • Vision and hearing, respectively
31
Q

What is the function of the substantia Nigra?

A
  • Reward, addiction, and movement
  • Produces dopamine
32
Q

What is the purpose of Computerized Axial Tomography (CT)?

A
  • Takes a series of X-ray Photographs from different
  • Shows different densities of tissue in the brain
  • CT scans are used to locate lesions or tumors. Appear bc they are darker bc they are less dense than the cortex
33
Q

What is Empiricism?

A

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observations

34
Q

What is the third variable problem?

A

Correlation is not causation ( third variable might be causing them both

35
Q

What is random assignment?

A

Procedure that assigns participants to a condition by chance

36
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Everything inside the experiment is working in order for us to establish casual relationship between the independent and dependent variable

37
Q

What is random sampling?

A

A technique for selecting participants that ensures that every member of population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
- The sample is said to be representative of the population allowing us to generalize from the sample to the population

38
Q

What are the different types of studies?

A

1) Experiments
2)Correlation Studies
3) Descriptive Research
- Case Studies
- Observation studies
- Surveys and Questionnaires

39
Q

Explain an Experiment type of study?

A
  • Manipulate variables, measure the effect
  • Independent variable (manipulate)
  • Dependent variable (measure)
  • Control Variables
  • Cause and Effect
40
Q

Describe Correlation Studies

A
  • Correlation implies relationship not causal
  • r value from -1 to 1
41
Q

What is Confirmation Bias?

A

We see what we expect to see

42
Q

What are the committees/ board for the ethics?

A
  • Institutional Review Board ( IRB)
    - Risk- benefit ratio
  • Institutional Animal Care and Use of Committee ( IACUC)
43
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A
  • False Positive
  • Occurs when researchers conclude that there is a causal relationship between two variables when in fact there is not
  • Avoid type 1 by p-value
    • p < 0.05
44
Q

What is a type II error?

A
  • False Negative
    -Occurs when researchers conclude that there is not a causal relationship between two variable when in fact there is
  • Power: increase the amount of information collected to avoid type 2
45
Q

Ways to make neurotransmitters stop acting on neurons:

A

1) Re-uptake: Absorb by terminal button of the presynaptic neuron’s axon or glial cells
2) Broken down by enzymes in the synapse
3) Diffusion: neurotransmitters drift out of the synapse and can no longer reach receptor
4) Bind to auto-receptors on the sending neuron, stopping the release of more neurotransmitters.

Psych (2 decks)

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