Psy Chapter 10 Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

refers to the unique, core set of characteristics that influence the way one thinks, acts, and feels—characteristics many psychologists believe are relatively consistent and enduring throughout the life span and in a variety of settings

Question 2

Freuds 3 levels of consciousness

Answer 2

conscious, preconscious, and unconscious, and that mental processes occurring on these levels guide behaviors and shape personality

Question 3

conscious level

Answer 3

Everything you are aware of at this moment including thoughts, emotions, sensations, and perceptions

Question 4

Preconscious level

Answer 4

the mental activities outside your current awareness, which can easily drift into the conscious level. ex/ you are reading this but drift off and remember what you did yesterday.

Question 4

unconscious level

Answer 4

home to activities outside of your awareness, such as feelings, wishes, thoughts, and urges that are very difficult to bring to awareness without concerted effort and/or therapy

Question 5

pleasure principle

Answer 5

the id follows this-guides behavior toward instant gratification—and away from contemplating consequences. The id seeks pleasure and avoids pain.

Question 6

Ego

Answer 6

manipulates situations, plans for the future, solves problems, and makes decisions to satisfy the needs of the id

Question 7

reality principle

Answer 7

Adheres to the rules of the “real” world and delaying gratification as needed. The ego follows this to negotiate between the id and the environment

Question 8

Superego

Answer 8

the structure of the mind that develops last, guiding behavior to follow the rules of society, parents, or other authority figures

Question 9

ego defense mechanisms

Answer 9

distort perceptions and memories of the real world without our awareness

Question 10

fixation

Answer 10

getting stuck in that particular psychosexual stage and fail to progress smoothly through the remaining stages

Question 11

Oedipus complex

Answer 11

for little boys during the phallic stage, they develop a desire to replace their fathers—a normal feeling

Question 12

identification

Answer 12

when a boy takes on and internalizes behaviors, mannerisms, morals, and standards of his father

Question 13

collective unconscious

Answer 13

holds the universal experiences of humankind passed from generation to generation—memories that are not easily retrieved without some degree of effort or interpretation

Question 14

archetypes

Answer 14

We inherit a variety of primal images, patterns of thought, and storylines. The themes of these archetypes (AHR-ki-types) may be found in art, literature, music, dreams, and religions across time, geography, and culture

Question 15

Abraham Maslow

Answer 15

considered to be the “single person most responsible for creating humanistic psychology”

Question 16

self-concept

Answer 16

refers to knowledge of one’s strengths, abilities, behavior patterns, and temperament

Question 17

ideal self

Answer 17

a self-concept one fervently strives to achieve

Question 18

unconditional positive regard

Answer 18

total acceptance of children regardless of their behavior

Question 19

social-cognitive perspective

Answer 19

suggests that personality results from reinforcement, relationships, and other environmental factors (social) and patterns of thinking (cognitive)

Question 20

self-efficacy

Answer 20

beliefs about our ability and effectiveness in reaching goals

Question 21

reciprocal determinism

Answer 21

Beliefs, behavior, and environment form a complex system that determines our behavior patterns and personality

Question 22

traits

Answer 22

“vivacious,” “loud,” “charismatic,” “direct,” and “empathetic.”

Question 23

trait theories

Answer 23

center on describing personality and predicting behaviors.

Question 24

Surface traits

Answer 24

easily observable personality characteristics commonly used to describe people: Josie is quiet. Amir is friendly.

Question 25

Source traits

Answer 25

the foundational qualities that give rise to surface traits

Question 26

five-factor model of personality

Answer 26

developed using factor analysis, indicates there are five factors, or dimensions, to describe personality. (1) openness to experience, (2) conscientiousness, (3) extraversion, (4) agreeableness, and (5) neuroticism