psy ch 1 test Flashcards

1
Q

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by

A

evolutionary psychologists

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2
Q

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their
environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their
environment will die off.

A

evolution by natural selection

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3
Q

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of
________.

A

chromosomes; DNA

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4
Q

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and
our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries
we will fall.

A

range of reaction

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5
Q

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

A

synapse

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6
Q

A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron’s cell
body down the axon to the axon terminals.

A

action potential

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7
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for
________.

A

depression

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8
Q

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

A

central; peripheral nervous systems

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9
Q

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body
temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

A

homeostasis

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10
Q

Which of the following brain processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

A

breathing

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11
Q

Which of the following brain processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

A

breathing

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12
Q

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.

A

motor information to body areas, such as arms, legs, and face temperature, touch, and pain

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13
Q

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several
years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He
suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of
his parents’ hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is
because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible
for emotional memories.

A

limbic system

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14
Q

Jeremy has Parkinson’s disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects
motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood.
It is likely that Jeremy’s ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

A

substantia nigra; dopamine

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15
Q

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of
hormones tend to be ________.

A

faster; longer lasting

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16
Q

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation,
increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

A

sympathetic

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17
Q

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the
bladder to contract.

A

parasympathetic

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18
Q

One example of ________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas
underlying language function.

A

lateralization

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19
Q

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

A

Broca’s area

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20
Q

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor
after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced
appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor
most likely affecting?

A

hypothalamus

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21
Q

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the
following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

A

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

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22
Q

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?

A

A tentative explanation

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23
Q

Psychology refers to the ________.

A

scientific study of the mind and behavior.

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24
Q

Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of
explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by
evidence over time?

A

scientific theory

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25
Q

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

A

observation of phenomena.

26
Q

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with
establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

27
Q

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

A

The process was highly subjective.

28
Q

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

A

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

29
Q

A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an
animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that
animal’s rewards and punishments

A

Skinner box

29
Q

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

A

Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

30
Q

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of
client-centered therapy?

A

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and
her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

31
Q

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

A

favoring women over men

32
Q

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United
States?

A

Francis Cecil Sumner

33
Q

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of
this particular area of study?

A

It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those
differences occur.

34
Q

Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

35
Q

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.

A

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

36
Q

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and
organized will score high on the ________ trait.

A

conscientiousness

37
Q

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area
of health psychology?

A

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

38
Q

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools
and/or countries?

A

A dissertation

39
Q

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

39
Q

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for
observed phenomena.

A

theory

40
Q

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the
world, was founded in 1892.

A

The American Psychological Association

41
Q

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive
reasoning.

A

circular

41
Q

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which
involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

A

the scientific method

42
Q

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his
student points out, “Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven
no matter what data we gather!” This research study suffers from an absence of
________.

A

falsifiability

43
Q

________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee
behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

A

Jane Goodall

44
Q

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be
conducted by phone, email, or mail.

A

surveys

45
Q

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of
the study over time.

A

attrition

46
Q

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

A

Inter-rater reliability

47
Q

A negative correlation means ________.

A

one variable decreases as the other increases

48
Q

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an
example of a(n) ________.

A

illusory correlation

49
Q

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of
interest.

A

operational definition

50
Q

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the
group assignments.

A

double-blind

51
Q

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful
differences between two groups in a study.

A

statistical analysis

52
Q

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend
Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How
might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

A

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is
supported. They could

53
Q

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results
consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is
currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.

A

replication crisis

54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q

________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants.

A

Institutional Review Board

57
Q

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are
believed to underlie each individual’s basic tendencies.

A

Five Factor