PSY 470 Exam 1 Review Flashcards
Study For Exam 1
1
Q
Jason, a stock trader who rarely leaves his house.
A
Which individual would most likely be a subject of specialists in abnormal psychology?
2
Q
Karen, her mother, and her grandmother have all been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder.
A
Karen, her mother, and her grandmother have all been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. What is an example of family aggregation?
3
Q
There is no one behavior that serves to make someone abnormal.
A
What makes defining abnormality difficult?
4
Q
Violating the standards of society, particularly when statistically rare, is abnormal.
A
Which type of statement accurately describes a characteristic indicator of abnormality?
5
Q
The fact that tattoos are commonplace today, while they were once viewed as abnormal, illustrates that ________
A
The values of a society may change over time
6
Q
In the field of abnormal psychology, what does DSM stand for?
A
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
7
Q
What was the most significant challenge during the revision process that resulted in the DSM-5?
A
Making sure that all changes recommended by each working group were included
8
Q
What is the primary purpose of a classification system such as the DSM-5?
A
To facilitate a shared, simplified communication system across professional boundaries
9
Q
What is a disadvantage to having a classification system for mental disorders?
A
When labels are used to describe an individual’s behavior, important details about the person are lost.
10
Q
As it relates to the stigma of mental illness, what is meant by “stereotyping”?
A
The automatic and incorrect beliefs many have about people with a psychiatric diagnosis
11
Q
What has been shown to reduce stigma of mental illness?
A
Increasing contact with individuals who have a mental illness
12
Q
Martine believes that the trees on her family farm occasionally speak to her. In deciding if Martine has a mental illness or not, what should be evaluated first?
A
Is Martine’s belief consistent with the beliefs of her culture?
13
Q
What is epidemiology?
A
The study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population
14
Q
Expressed as a percentage, __________ refers to the number of active cases in a population during any given period of time.
A
Prevalence
15
Q
__________ refers to the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point of time.
A
Point Prevalence
16
Q
What individual mental disorder in the United States has the highest lifetime prevalence rate?
A
Major Depressive Disorder
17
Q
Comorbidity means __________
A
That a person has two or more disorders
18
Q
According to the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), which of the following statements accurately describes individuals who have a history of at least one serious psychological disorder?
A
Over 50 percent of those with a disorder rated as serious have two or more other disorders.
19
Q
The most prevalent psychological disorders among adults in the United States are __________, while __________ account(s) for the greatest percentage of the global burden of disease.
A
Anxiety Disorders; Depressive Disorders
20
Q
Which of the following statements describes an unintended consequence of the trend away from the use of traditional hospitalization for mental health care treatment?
A
The number of prison inmates being treated for severe mental illness has increased dramatically.
21
Q
A __________ might work with mental health clients to help resolve family problems, while a(n) __________ prescribes medications and monitors the patient for side effects.
A
Clinical Social Worker; Psychiatrist
22
Q
Describing a disorder as acute means that __________
A
it is a disorder that is short in duration
23
Q
What does the term “etiology” mean relative to psychological disorders?
A
It concerns the causes of psychological disorders
24
Q
Carl is asked to provide information about his drinking. Despite the fact that he has had several arrests for driving while intoxicated, Carl reports that he has no problems with drinking. This is an example of __________
A
The problems with self-report data
25
In Dr. Lu's study of eating disorders, she looked at the academic histories of girls with eating disorders and girls who did not have such problems. In this example, the girls with eating disorders are the __________ group.
Criterion
26
In what significant ways do correlational research designs differ from experimental research designs?
There is no manipulation of variables in correlational research.
27
Why are correlational research designs often used in abnormal psychology?
It is often unethical or impossible to directly manipulate the variables involved in abnormal psychology.
28
It has been demonstrated that those who were prenatally exposed to the influenza virus are more likely to develop schizophrenia. In other words, prenatal exposure to the influenza virus is __________ correlated with developing schizophrenia.
Positively
29
Individuals who have alcohol problems tend to come from families with other individuals who have alcohol problems. This suggests that __________
Although there is an association between genetics and alcoholism, no cause-effect relationship can be concluded.
30
A researcher who provides a certain treatment to one group and withholds treatment from a completely comparable group is using the __________ research method.
Experimental
31
Why is it important to understand the causes of mental disorders?
Such knowledge might make both the prevention and successful treatment of mental disorders possible.
32
For most of her childhood, Arielle was subjected to physical and emotional abuse at the hands of her father. As an adult, Arielle suffers from severe depression. Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between Arielle's abuse and her depression?
Arielle's childhood abuse is correlated with her adult depression.
33
Dr. Hunt studies the causes of bipolar disorder. In other words, she looks at factors that play a role in the __________ of bipolar disorder.
Etiology
34
While having a gene for Parkinson's disease guarantees that Parkinson's disease will develop, this is not the only factor that can lead to Parkinson's disease. In other words, the presence of the gene is a __________, but not a __________.
Sufficient cause; Necessary cause
35
In the diathesis-stress model, a stressor is __________.
A necessary or contributory cause that is proximal to the onset of symptoms
36
Suppose that alcoholism is a diathesis for developing anxiety later in life. This means that __________.
People who abuse alcohol have a predisposition for developing anxiety
37
The additive model of the diathesis-stress theory proposes that __________.
People with a very high level of a diathesis may need only a small amount of stress to develop the disorder
38
A protective factor is __________.
An influence that decreases the likelihood of negative outcomes among those with some risk
39
At age nine, Rachel was cut from the school soccer team. After the initial disappointment, she joined the Girl Scouts, which she really enjoyed. Now, as an adult, when she does not get into graduate school, rather than responding with depression, Rachel finds a job in her field that she enjoys, and will apply to graduate school at a later time. This is an example of __________.
the steeling or inoculation effect of some stressful experiences
40
Protective factors often lead to resilience, a concept that means __________.
The person can successfully adapt and survive in threatening circumstances
41
Dr. Simonetti, a psychiatrist, takes a biopsychosocial viewpoint of psychopathology. Which of the following treatments is she most likely to suggest for Jenny's current state of debilitating anxiety?
A combination of psychological therapy and anti-anxiety medication
42
Which of the following statements is true?
Most mental disorders are not caused by neurological damage.
43
Mental disorders are almost always __________, meaning that they are influenced by multiple genes.
Polygenic
44
Aaron was raised in an abusive home, and thus was predisposed to being very aggressive with his peers in school, who responded by rejecting him. Later in life, Aaron began to associate with other aggressive youth and to participate in a variety of delinquent behaviors. This is an example of __________.
The way that the genotype may shape the phenotype
45
Active, happy babies and passive, unresponsive babies tend to be treated differently. In other words, an infant's temperament phenotype may alter how others respond to him or her. What type of genotype-environment correlation is this an example of?
Evocative
46
Why is it particularly useful to study identical twins who were raised in different environments?
It is possible that high concordance rates between identical twins reared together are due to their being treated more similarly than nonidentical twins.
47
Reuptake of neurotransmitters is the process by which neurotransmitters __________.
Are reabsorbed by the axon endings
48
Which of the following is a criticism of traditional psychoanalytic theory?
It lacks scientific evidence.
49
Cognitive-behavioral psychologists believe that abnormal behavior __________.
Results from distorted thinking and information processing
50
Abused infants and toddlers __________.
Are likely to show inconsistent attachment behavior
51
A lack of social skills, poor school performance, and moodiness have all been associated with which of the following parenting styles?
Neglectful/Uninvolved
52
Cho is an energetic ten-year-old who loves playing his favorite video game, Minecraft. Lately, he has missed homework, skipped his bath several times, and been whining and insisting that he be allowed to stay up past his bedtime to play another hour. After discussing their concerns, his parents offer Cho an alternative: He may stay up for 30 extra minutes to play Minecraft, but only after he has taken his bath, brushed his teeth, and completed his homework. This illustrates the __________ parenting style.
Authoritative
53
What statements regarding divorce and psychopathology is true?
The effects of parental divorce on children are more favorable than the effects of living in a home torn by marital strife and conflict.
54
Children from lower SES families __________.
Are less likely to show ill effects of SES status if they possess a high IQ and develop healthy attachments to adults and peers
55
An elementary school principal wants to know the best predictors of juvenile delinquency and dropping out of high school, so she can provide preventive interventions. Your best advice is __________.
"The best predictor is aggression toward peers, which leads to peer rejection."
56
A psychologist who studied the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would be most likely to study __________.
Poverty and racial discrimination
57
Psychological assessment refers to the __________.
Procedures used to summarize a client's symptoms and problems
58
Mika sees a mental health professional, complaining of several symptoms. The professional attempts to understand the nature and extent of the problem. This process is called __________.
Assessment
59
Charlotte tells her graduate professor Dr. Klimt, "Today's tests results are very similar to the results I found earlier this week!" Dr. Klimt is pleased with the research __________.
Test-retest reliability
60
A valid test __________.
Measures what it is designed to measure
61
What statement accurately describes the role of assessment?
Assessment is ongoing and necessary at various points during treatment.
62
Roxanne is agitated, clenches her jaw, and is unable to remember her address. The clinician takes careful note of Roxanne's symptoms and behaviors, which are also known as the __________.
Presenting problem
63
What statement accurately reflects the impact of cultural factors on assessment?
In order to use tests in a culturally competent manner, clinicians need to consider the dominant language of their clients.
64
The need for rapport between a clinician and a client means that __________.
The client must feel comfortable with the clinician and the assessment
65
What is an advantage of a fully structured interview?
It maximizes reliability
66
Which type of interview format do clients believe is the most sensitive to their needs or problems?
Unstructured assessment interviews
67
A clinical psychologist notes that a client wears his clothes inside out, that his hair is matted, and that there is dirt under his fingernails. This information is known as __________.
Clinical observation
68
A behaviorally oriented clinician tells her alcohol-dependent client: "Here is a checklist I want you to fill out each day. Whenever you feel you need a drink, you should indicate what you were thinking, where you were, who you were with, and whether you went ahead and drank." What procedure is the clinician using?
Self-monitoring
69
Which of the following statements about individually administered IQ tests is correct?
They are time-consuming and expensive.
70
The goal of a projective test is to __________.
Assess the way a patient interprets ambiguous stimuli
71
Several clinicians look at the TAT results of a hospitalized patient. The patient described the characters on a card as not speaking to each other. One clinician says this means the patient has a lot of unresolved anger. Another says it means the patient has a lot of social anxiety. A third says he thinks it means the patient is uninterested in people and prefers to be alone. This demonstrates the following problem with the TAT: __________.
Scoring and interpretation is very subjective
72
The MMPI is __________.
A structured approach to personality assessment
73
Dr. Kim is a psychologist who uses a number of tests to measure a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance to detect brain damage. Dr. Kim is probably a specialist in using __________.
Neuropsychological assessment
74
Dr. Smith believes that a decrease in frontal lobe function underlies the cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia. He has hypothesized that effective drug therapy serves to selectively increase metabolic activity in this part of the brain. Which of the following is Dr. Smith most likely to use to test his hypothesis?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans
75
Some psychological tests may not elicit valid information from a client who is part of a minority group. This may mean the psychological test has __________.
A cultural bias
76
Dr. Hunter is studying personality. He decides that he will classify his subjects into varying levels of intensity on personality traits, based on how far they statistically fall above the average score of a "normal person." He is using a __________ approach.
Dimensional
77
A clinician was in an assessment interview with a woman of East Indian descent. The clinician realized there might be some cultural values and attitudes that could influence how questions were interpreted and answered. Which of the following would help the clinician obtain information about the potential impact of the woman's culture on her mental healthcare?
CFI
78
Sherolyn is in fourth grade and has been having trouble sitting still and remaining focused on her schoolwork. Her teacher speaks with her parents about this and suggests that they see a clinician for an assessment. What is one problem with the DSM system that would make her parents reluctant to send her for an assessment?
The diagnosis would become a label that would stick with Sherolyn.
79
What is a major criticism of diagnostic labels?
Labels can influence other people's perception of the diagnosed person and the diagnosed person's perception of themselves in negative ways.
80
The term "stress" is used in the text to refer to __________.
The effects of external stressors within the organism
81
Physician Hans Selye, a specialist in endocrinology, __________.
Recognized that both happy and sad life events can be sources of stress
82
What statements accurately describes the relationship between predisposition to stress and the experience of stress?
High levels of optimism and self-esteem improve a person's ability to cope with stress.
83
What factors is linked to a person's ability to effectively cope with stress?
Social support
84
Which of the following stressors typically causes the most stress?
Gaining ten pounds
85
The term "crisis" refers to __________.
Any time a stressful situation exceeds one's ability to cope
86
Marissa is scheduled to have a tonsillectomy. Which of the following will lessen the impact of Marissa's stress over the surgery?
Viewing a detailed video of the procedure before surgery
87
Moka has a high stress tolerance. What does this characterization tell us about Moka?
He can function well in the face of a high level of stress.
88
Healthy psychological and physical functioning after a potentially traumatic event is called __________.
Resilience
89
What response exemplifies the characteristic most beneficial after loss or trauma?
"I realize my life won't be the same, but I have a great support system and I will be stronger."
90
What is the term for the biological cost of adapting to stress?
Allostatic load
91
What statement accurately describes the impact of mental stress on physiological responses in the human body?
For individuals who work, Monday is the most likely day for a heart attack.
92
What is the name of the system that is designed to mobilize resources and prepare a fight-or-flight response?
The sympathetic-adrenomedullary system
93
The stress glucocorticoid that is produced in humans is called __________ and __________.
Cortisol; prepares the body for fight or flight
94
Stress slows the healing of wounds by as much as __________ to __________ percent.
24; 40
95
What statement acccurately describes the correlation between adverse childhood experiences and life expectancy ?
People who reported six or more adverse childhood events die nearly twenty years earlier than estimates of life expectancy.
96
Stress tends to do what to telomeres?
Decrease their physical length
97
What seems to be the most important component for coronary heart disease in the Type A behavior pattern?
Hostility
98
People with heart disease are __________ times more likely than healthy people to be depressed.
Three
99
Clyde is unmarried and has few friends. Why is he at greater risk for developing coronary heart disease than the general population?
Social isolation has been associated with increased risk for the disease.
100
Positive psychology is a school of thought that focuses on a person's __________.
Strengths and virtues
101
For an adjustment disorder, the symptoms must appear within __________ months of the stressor.
Three
102
According to the text, PTSD __________.
Has symptoms that tend to decrease with time in most people
103
According to the DSM-5, acute stress disorder becomes PTSD when __________.
The symptoms last for more than four weeks
104
Approximately __________ percent of women develop PTSD over the course of their lives, while __________ percent of men develop PTSD.
10; 4
105
Feelings of control over stressors __________.
Can make a difference even for victims of torture-if the person feels they have some control, they tend to be less affected by the stressor over the long term
106
Why should we study the causal factors in PTSD, since we already know traumatic events cause it?
Because not everyone who is exposed to a trauma develops PTSD
107
Why is there such a high likelihood of long-lasting psychological problems resulting from active combat experiences?
Combat presents highly stressful situations for which there may be no truly effective coping mechanisms.
108
What will lower a soldier's risk of developing PTSD?
Believing strongly in the goals of the mission
109
Aria was in a terrible car accident in which several people were killed. A few weeks later, she began to talk about what happened. She told the story to anyone who would listen. This seems to be __________.
A way to reduce anxiety and desensitize herself to the experience
110
Despite the many barriers to effectively researching the effectiveness of disaster responses, it has been found that __________.
Cognitive therapy reduces the PTSD symptoms of the majority of those who are treated
111
A significant drawback to the use of medication for PTSD is that __________.
There is still some doubt about the extent of its effectiveness
112
Virtual reality exposure treatment for PTSD has been shown to have __________.
A significant effect in decreasing PTSD symptoms
113
Anxiety is centered on __________.
Concern about the future
114
Fear is a basic emotion that involves __________.
Activation of the "fight or flight" response
115
The main way to tell if someone is having a panic attack, rather than just being in a state of fear, is __________.
Whether they have a subjective belief that something awful is about to happen
116
What is a typical symptom of panic attacks?
Urge to escape
117
In what scenario might mild anxiety actually be a positive response?
Shonda is preparing to take her law-school entrance exam.
118
Neuroticism is __________.
A tendency to experience negative mood states
119
Max is afraid to fly, and he knows his boss wants him to take a business trip. Max feels miserable because he wants to keep his job but cannot even imagine getting on a plane. The most likely diagnosis for Max is __________.
Specific Phobia, Situation Type
120
When Kenneth was a child, he went to a dentist who treated him uncaringly and inflicted a good deal of pain. Even years later, he has an uncontrollable and intense fear not only of dentists but also physicians. This best illustrates how phobias might be the result of __________.
Generalization in classical conditioning
121
It is fairly easy to condition monkeys and humans to fear snakes, but almost impossible to condition either to fear flowers. This supports the __________ theory of phobias.
Preparedness
122
What provides evidence against a role for inherited factors in the development of phobias?
The impact of nonshared environmental factors
123
What does research indicate is the best treatment for phobias?
Exposure Therapy
124
Kellyanne has just started college and wants to make friends. She refuses to go to large parties because she is afraid that she will blush and sweat, and that other people will laugh at her. She is fine, however, when talking to people in one-on-one settings. Kellyanne's most likely diagnosis is __________.
Social Anxiety Disorder
125
Individuals with social phobia are likely to __________.
Attribute events in their lives to external factors
126
Whiat statement accurately characterizes the precursors of an individual diagnosed with social anxiety disorder?
Infants who exhibit shyness and behavioral inhibition are at increased risk of becoming more fearful during childhood.
127
What is necessary for a diagnosis of panic disorder?
Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
128
When Jill experienced her first panic attack, she felt as if she were outside of herself, watching herself struggle to catch her breath. Jill's sense of not being part of herself is one of the symptoms of a panic attack and is known as __________.
Depersonalization
129
Panic disorders are often misdiagnosed because __________.
Symptoms are physical and are treated by emergency or medical personnel as medical problems.
130
Mrs. Belshy tells her psychologist, "I cannot leave a certain region around my home without having terrible fears. I am extremely worried when I am in a car or a bus. I am afraid I will have another one of those terrifying experiences." What disorder does Mrs. Belshy probably have and what experience is she talking about?
The disorder is agoraphobia, the experience is a panic attack
131
What is a sociocultural explanation for the higher incidence of anxiety disorders in women?
It is more acceptable for women to avoid situations they fear
132
Which brain structure is recognized as playing a central role in panic attacks?
Amygdala
133
Belinda is hyperaware of such bodily sensations as heart rate and respiration rate. When she perceives her heart rate or breathing getting faster, she begins to fear that she is having a heart attack. These thoughts make her symptoms worse and she has a panic attack. Belinda's pattern of thinking best illustrates the __________.
Cognitive theory of panic
134
Anxiety sensitivity is a __________.
Trait-like belief that certain bodily symptoms may have harmful consequences
135
Why do many people with panic disorder continue to believe, during a panic attack, that they are having a heart attack, despite the fact that they never have had one?
They tend to engage in "safety behaviors" that they believe are the reason the catastrophe didn't happen.
136
Quentin is seeking medication to treat his panic disorder. Due to his history of substance misuse, his doctor hesitates. After some consideration, the doctor is most likely to write Quentin a prescription for a(n) __________, confident that abuse won't be an issue.
SSRI
137
Angel feels anxious almost all the time. She finds herself worrying that her husband will leave her (although he has never shown any indication that he would), that she chose the wrong job, that her children might not be safe at school, and that she might get sick and leave her family in financial ruin. She calls her husband almost every day to find out when he will be home. She complains to her physician that she is always tired but cannot sleep or relax. Angel's most likely diagnosis is __________.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
138
What is a significant disadvantage of treating generalized anxiety disorder with a benzodiazepine?
Such drugs can create physical and psychological dependence.
139
Taylor believes that it is extremely important to be clean. She cleans her kitchen and bathroom daily, and the rest of the house at least once every few days, and uses antibacterial soap and sterile water. She says she wants people to be able to eat off her floors, and is very proud of her house and the way she keeps it. Taylor has __________.
No disorder
140
What is necessary for a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
The symptomatic behavior causes distress
141
What is among the most common obsessive thoughts in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Fear of contamination and fear of harming others
142
Some things seem to be consistent across all the different forms that obsessive-compulsive disorder takes. These include __________.
An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen to the person or to others, for which they will be responsible
143
What is unique about obsessive-compulsive disorder, as compared to other anxiety disorders?
The incidence is about equal for men and women.
144
What is true of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
It tends to begin in adolescence or early adulthood but is not uncommon in children.
145
As discussed in your text, much evidence now suggests a number of biological causal factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder, including __________.
Abnormalities in the functioning of the basal ganglia
146
People with body dysmorphic disorder __________.
Overemphasize and show tremendous attention to information relating to attractiveness
147
Compulsive hair pulling is also referred to as __________.
Trichotillomania
