PSY 350 Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following is NOT a reason why we tend to like a person according to the Reinforcement-Affect model of friendship?
A
b) They have different attitudes than we do
2
Q
What are the goals of friendships according to Domain Specific Models?
A
- Social Support
- Information
- Status
- Material Benefits
3
Q
Define social support.
A
Assistance (emotional, material, or informational) provided by others.
4
Q
When are people more likely to seek social support?
A
- Experiencing stress or anxiety
- In response to loss
- In response to threats
- When feeling isolated
5
Q
What are the benefits of social support according to meta-analysis?
A
Robust benefits for mental health, psychological adjustment, achievement.
6
Q
What type of support has stronger effects: perceived support or received support?
A
Perceived support
7
Q
What is the purpose of gaining information through friendships?
A
Others may have useful or important information that we don’t.
8
Q
What does social comparison in friendships involve?
A
Comparing ourselves to others in various attributes like intelligence, attractiveness, and sports ability.
9
Q
What is the Pearson - Status by Association?
A
Gain status through affiliation with high status people.
10
Q
List the different models of social exchange.
A
- Communal Sharing
- Authority Ranking
- Equality Matching
- Market Pricing
11
Q
What is the propinquity effect?
A
We tend to form friendships and relationships with those whom we interact with frequently.
12
Q
What is the Mere Exposure Effect?
A
Tendency to like something/someone due to repeated exposure (as long as the experience is NOT negative).
13
Q
What do we generally prefer in our friends regarding prosociality?
A
We want our friends to be nice.
14
Q
Which emotional trait do we prefer in friends?
A
Facial expressiveness of emotion.
15
Q
What are some cultural variations in friendship?
A
- Number, duration, and depth of friendships vary across cultures
- Friends more likely to include family members in some societies
- Friendships seen as more voluntary in some societies, more obligatory in others
16
Q
Define relational mobility.
A
Ease of entering and exiting friendships and other relationships.
17
Q
In which cultures is friendship less tied to similarity?
A
In low relational mobility cultures (e.g., Ghana, China, Japan).
18
Q
What are the differences in social support seeking between East Asians and Westerners?
A
East Asians are less likely than Westerners to seek social support.
19
Q
What is the ‘Tend-and-Befriend’ response?
A
Women are more likely to seek social support in response to stress.
20
Q
What are key characteristics of women’s friendships?
A
- Provide more support
- Involve less respect but more affection
- More likely to have ‘frenemies’
21
Q
What do men prefer in friendships?
A
Friends who are stronger, higher in status, and help them access potential mates.
22
Q
How do men and women differ in opposite-sex friendships?
A
- Men are more driven by sexual attraction
- Women are more driven by desire for physical protection
23
Q
People who prefer opposite sex friendships rate those relationships higher in which aspects?
A
- Closeness
- Trust
- Caring
- Common interests
24
Q
What are the two models of friendship mentioned?
A
- Domain-General
- Domain-Specific
25
What are the goals of friendship/affiliation?
1. Social Support
2. Information
3. Status
4. Material Benefits
26
What factors influence the likelihood of friendship?
1. Similarity
2. Propinquity
3. Prosociality
4. Cultural differences
5. Sex differences
27
True or False: Both men and women tend to respond to stress with tend-and-befriend.
True
28
Fill in the blank: People in all cultures are equally likely to seek ______ in response to stress.
social support
29
Who is more likely to provide social support in friendships?
Men are more likely to provide social support in their friendships with other men than women are with other women.
30
What is the Reinforcement-Affect model?
We like people who make us feel good, share our attitudes, are attractive, and support us during difficult times.
31
What does Social Exchange Theory state?
People seek equity in friendships.
32
What can help break the loneliness cycle?
1. Share interests with others
2. Give them positive feedback
3. Provide them with useful resources or information
4. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
33
Fill in the blank: The Loneliness Cycle includes behaviors such as talking more about ______.
themselves
34
True or False: Enemies are more common in some societies than in the US.
True
35
What are the benefits of friendship according to Social Exchange Theory?
1. Emotional support
2. Companionship
3. Assistance in times of need
36
What is a common expectation in friendships as per Social Exchange Theory?
Equity
37
What is the emotional impact of having a friend who supports you during difficult times?
Positive emotional reinforcement
38
What is the daily risk of coitus earlier in the life course?
Higher than later in life
## Footnote
This refers to the frequency of sexual activity being more prevalent in younger individuals compared to older individuals.
39
What is one factor that affects the attractiveness of certain features across cultures?
Time periods
## Footnote
Attractiveness can change based on societal standards and trends over time.
40
List universally attractive features.
* Clear complexion
* Facial symmetry
* Facial 'averageness'
* Body symmetry
## Footnote
These features are generally found to be attractive across different cultures.
41
What social features matter in attraction?
* Similarity
* Familiarity
* Positivity
* Agreeableness
* Extraversion
* Pro-social behavior
## Footnote
These traits can enhance interpersonal attraction.
42
What are some attractive female features?
* Low waist-to-hip ratios
* Shiny hair
* Long hair
* Large eyes + small nose
* Higher pitched voices
* Younger
## Footnote
These characteristics are often associated with femininity and youth.
43
What are some attractive male features?
* Muscular, athletic build
* Medium nose + large jaw
* Deep voice
* Older
* High status
## Footnote
These features are generally perceived as attractive in males.
44
True or False: Ratings of attractiveness are highly consistent across individuals and cultural groups.
True
## Footnote
Studies have shown a high correlation in attractiveness ratings, suggesting a level of universality.
45
What do men and women generally desire in terms of sexual partners?
* Men prefer casual sex and more partners
* Women prefer quality over quantity
## Footnote
These preferences are influenced by evolutionary pressures and social norms.
46
What is a common regret for men regarding sexual opportunities?
Missed opportunities
## Footnote
Men are more likely to regret not pursuing sexual encounters.
47
What do women commonly regret in the context of sexuality?
Mistakes
## Footnote
Women tend to focus on the consequences of their choices in sexual encounters.
48
Which of the following features is universally attractive to both sexes? a) Aggressiveness b) High status c) Body symmetry d) Short stature
c) Body symmetry
## Footnote
Body symmetry is consistently found to be an attractive trait across genders.
49
What historical trend is observed in heterosexual men's partner preferences?
Prefer younger female partners
## Footnote
This preference is consistent across different cultures and historical periods.
50
What historical trend is observed in heterosexual women's partner preferences?
Prefer older male partners
## Footnote
This preference reflects patterns in mate selection across cultures.
51
What is the significance of the study by Clark & Hatfield (1989)?
It illustrates gender differences in acceptance of casual sex invitations
## Footnote
The study provides insight into the varying sexual behavior between men and women.
52
Fill in the blank: Much higher acceptance rates for casual sex are observed for _______.
single women and men
## Footnote
The acceptance rates are significantly higher for those not in committed relationships.
53
True or False: Among heterosexual women, orgasm is more common in relationship sex.
True
## Footnote
Research indicates that women tend to have more orgasms during sex within a committed relationship.
54
What are the two main differences in mating strategies between men and women?
* Men are more interested in casual sex
* Women prefer quality over quantity
## Footnote
These differences are often attributed to evolutionary and social factors.
55
What is the main effect of social norms on sexual behavior?
Influences preferences and behaviors in sexual encounters
## Footnote
Social norms shape how individuals approach relationships and sexual activity.
56
What is the general partner preference of heterosexual men?
Prefer younger female partners.
57
What is the general partner preference of heterosexual women?
Prefer older male partners.
58
Is the preference for younger female partners by heterosexual men and older male partners by heterosexual women true across cultures?
Yes.
59
Which hormone is linked to sexual desire in both men and women?
Testosterone.
60
Which hormone is particularly linked to female sexual desire?
Oxytocin.
61
What is the link between ovulation and sexual behavior?
Ovulation is linked to increased sexual desire and behavior.
62
Is same sex attraction and behavior present across all human societies?
Yes.
63
What does the Sexual Selection Hypothesis suggest about genes linked to same sex attraction?
They may also be linked to reproductive success.
64
What is the estimated heritability of same sex behavior according to Zietsch et al., 2021?
8-25%.
65
What does the Sexual Selection Hypothesis imply about the relatives of gay men and lesbians?
They have more sexual partners and more children.
66
In the context of social relationships, what does same sex behavior appear to reduce?
Intrasexual aggression.
67
What type of preferences do gay men have compared to heterosexual men?
Similar preferences, less interest in partner's status/resources, more interest in physical attractiveness.
68
How do lesbian and bisexual women generally prefer in potential partners?
More feminine facial features, voices, and personality traits.
69
Do lesbians have more or less frequent sex compared to heterosexual and bisexual women?
Less frequent.
70
What is the complexity of human sexuality often described as?
More complex, nuanced, and diverse than many assume.
71
What is Sociosexual Orientation?
Individual and cultural differences in tendency to prefer unrestricted sex.
72
Fill in the blank: Cultures differ in _______.
[sexual norms].
73
True or False: Bisexual men fall in love less frequently than heterosexual men.
False.
74
What evolutionary strategy does same sex behavior appear to represent?
An evolved strategy that strengthens social relationships.
75
What are the three major types of attachment?
* Secure
* Anxious/Ambivalent
* Avoidant
76
Describe the characteristics of Secure attachment.
Better at resolving conflict, more insightful, less self-enhancement
77
What behaviors are associated with Anxious/Ambivalent attachment?
Roller coaster relationships, excessive demands, smothering or pushing away partners, lots of conflict
78
What are the traits of Avoidant attachment?
Dislike emotional intimacy, focus on differences with partner, more likely to dislike sex
79
What did a longitudinal study of 172 newly married couples reveal about personality over time?
Personality of couples became more similar over time and similarity mattered more later in relationships
80
What are the three components of love according to the model presented?
* Intimacy
* Passion
* Commitment
81
In social exchange theory, how do relationships typically progress?
Typically move from Equity to Need-Based
82
True or False: Men are more jealous of emotional infidelity than women.
False
83
What percentage of men and women report trying to poach someone else's romantic partner?
* 62% Men
* 40% Women
84
What is the success rate of mate poaching generally?
Generally > 65%
85
What is Polygyny?
Committed marriage/marriage-like relationships with multiple partners
86
What conditions make Polygyny more likely?
* Strong social hierarchy
* Generally resource abundant environment
* Occasional famines
87
What conditions make Polyandry more likely?
* Extremely harsh environmental conditions
* Found among Nayar in India with 'visiting husbands'
* Mosuo in China where conditions are not harsh
88
What does recent evidence suggest about happiness in Consensual Non-Monogamous Relationships?
People may actually be happier in these relationships
89
What are the different types of love according to the model presented?
* Romantic Love (Passion + Intimacy)
* Companionate Love (Intimacy + Commitment)
* Consummate Love (Passion + Intimacy + Commitment)
* Fatuous Love (Passion + Commitment)
90
Define Nurturant Love.
Love that is central to parenting; tender feelings toward and desire to care for offspring
91
What is Attachment Love?
Desire to be cared for and protected by another
92
What does the Triarchic model suggest about love?
It holds up across cultures and changes in love over lifespan
