PSY 310 Exam 1 (Chapter 3) Flashcards
What happens during Erikson’s stage of basic trust vs basic mistrust?
- feeding
- infant must form a first loving, trusting relationship with the caregiver
- infant must develop a sense of mistrust
What happens during Erikson’s stage autonomy vs shame?
- toilet training
- children develop physical skills (walking and grasping)
- child learns control
- child may develop shame and doubt if not handled well
What happens during Erikson’s stage initiative vs guilt?
- independence
- more assertive
- more initiative
- may be too forceful, which can lead to guilt feelings
What happens during Erikson’s stage industry vs inferiority?
- school
- must deal with demands to learn new skills
- must risk a sense of inferiority, failure, and incompetence
What happens during Erikson’s stage identity vs role confusion?
- peer relationships
2. must achieve identity in occupation, gender roles, politics, and religion
What happens during Erikson’s stage intimacy vs isolation?
- love relationships
- must develop intimate relationships
- must suffer feelings of isolation
What happens during Erikson’s stage generativity vs stagnation?
- parenting/mentoring
2. must find some way to satisfy and support next generation
What happens during Erikson’s stage ego integrity vs despair?
- reflection on and acceptance of one’s life
2. culmination is a sense of acceptance of oneself and a sense of fulfillment
Kohlberg’s Preconventional Level (Stage 1)
Punishment and Obedience
- morality is external to self
- obey authority = avoid punishment
Kohlberg’s Preconventional Level (Stage 2)
Instrumental Relativist
- satisfaction of own needs determines what is right
- doing something beneficial can ultimately benefit oneself
Kohlberg’s Conventional Level (Stage 3)
Good Boy-Good Girl
- morality: cooperation with peers
- children want to be thought of as nice
- concrete operations ability:
- decrease in egocentrism
- consider feelings of others when reasoning
Kohlberg’s Conventional Level (Stage 4)
Law and Order
- shift from motivation by desire for peer approval to following laws
- doing one’s duty
Kohlberg’s Postconventional Level (Stage 5)
Social Contract
- Laws are:
- seen as social contracts
- not seen as unchangeable rules
- necessary to preserve individual rights
Kohlberg’s Postconventional Level (Stage 6)
Universal Ethical Principle
- defines principles that result in justice
- right and wrong determined by one’s conscience
How many people reach stage 5 in Kohlberg’s postconventional level?
25 percent
Socioemotional Development
Ages 3 to 5
- peer conflicts help children grow out of egocentrism
- prosocial behavior
- play to practice language skills and cooperation
- exploring more advanced ways of thinking and acting through play
Socioemotional Development
Ages 6 to 12
- decreasing egocentrism
- concentration increases
- abstract thinking= increase in attention to self-concept
- social comparison begins
Socioemotional Development
Ages 13 to 18
- relationships with adults and peers become more complex
- friends become more important
- conflict with parents arise
- peer acceptance is very important to emotional health
- middle schoolers may see teachers as role models
Authoritative Parenting Style
- high warmth
- high control
- high expectations
- support for authority
Authoritarian Parenting Style
- low warmth
- high control
- high expectations
- low autonomy
Permissive Parenting Style
- high warmth
- low control
- low expectations
- high autonomy
Rejecting/Uninvolving Parenting Style
- low warmth
- low control
- indifferent about expectations and autonomy
What makes cheating in the classroom more likely?
- performance goals
- impulsivity
- low self- efficacy
- competition in classroom
- teacher is not credible and uncaring
How can cheating be prevented by teachers?
- avoid high-pressure situations
- instill sense of mastery
- encourage collaboration
- make test content non-mysterious
- make it clear you do not tolerate cheating
- monitor
