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PSY 310 Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Plato

A

suggested that mental processes were located in the brain

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2
Q

Descartes

A

suggested that the mind & body were distinct substances

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3
Q

Locke

A

argued that all the contents of the mind, such as acquired knowledge, emerged from learning & our personal experiences

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4
Q

Behaviorism

A

focused on only the OBSERVABLE behavior; the dominant theoretical perspective in psychology during the early 20th century

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5
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

initiated the “cognitive revolution” with his convincing critique of B. F. Skinner’s conceptualization of language development & behaviorism

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6
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

the scientific study of mental processes including attention, language, memory, decision making, problem solving, & thinking; collection of mental processes & activities used in perceiving, remembering, solving problems, thinking, & understanding

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7
Q

Piaget

A

had major influence on early cognitive psychology; described the mind as a representational system that constructs mental models of the external world

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8
Q

The Information Processing Approach

A

where the operations of the mind are likened to that of a computer; the most influential theoretical framework in cognitive psychology

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9
Q

Social Cognition

A

concerned with how we think about & process our social world

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10
Q

Cognitive Developmental Psychology

A

concerns how cognitive processes change from womb to tomb

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11
Q

All Psychological Processes Involve:

A

cognition!

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12
Q

Memory Is:

A

malleable

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13
Q

Psychophysics

A

studies the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their stimuli, such as their intensity, & our psychological (subjective) experience of them

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14
Q

Psychophysicists

A

focus on the initial stages of information processing

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15
Q

Cognitive Psychologists

A

focus on ALL stages of information processing

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16
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Father of Psychology; first psychology lab; “atoms of the mind”

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17
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Father of Structuralism; popularized structuralism in the U.S.; Early school of psychology that attempted to discover the basic elements (structures) of the human mind

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18
Q

Basic Elements of Consciousness

A

sensations, feelings, images

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19
Q

Introspection

A

selbst-beobachtung = “looking inside”

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20
Q

Functionalism

A

William James; early school of psychology that attempted to discover the functions of the human mind; emphasis on mental processing rather than mental structure

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21
Q

Methodological Behaviorism

A

private events (processes occurring inside the organism) are not accessible; John B. Watson

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22
Q

Radical Behaviorism

A

private events could be studied & eventually the descriptions of private events become necessary; emphasis on studying observable responses & their relation to observable stimuli (“S-R psychology”)

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23
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

experiments on memory; the forgetting curve

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24
Q

Bartlett

A

reconstruction; schemata

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25
Gestalt Psychology
developed in Germany; arrived in the U.S. in the 1930s; Gestalt = whole, configuration, form; we have the tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes; the wholes we perceive are often more than the sum of their parts
26
Problems for the Stimulus-Response Accounts
- learning without responding - learning without reinforcement - cognitive maps - complex behaviors - language
27
Cognitive Revolution
- we cannot study the mental world directly - we must study the mental if we want to understand behavior - we can study mental processes indirectly since the processes have visible consequences
28
Cognitive Sciences
interdisciplinary effort to understand the mind - cognitive psychology - philosophy - neuroscience - artificial intelligence - linguistics - anthropology
29
Information Processing Model
"computer metaphor"; a model proposing that information is processed through a series of stages, each of which performs unique operations; each stage receives information from preceding stages & passes the transformed input along to other stages for further processing
30
Connectionism
uses the brain as a basis for modeling cognitive processes; complex cognitive functions can be understood in term of the network of links among units; parallel distributed processing (PDP) models
31
Synesthesia
a condition in which sensations from one modality (e.g. vision) produce a conscious experience not only in that modality but in another (e.g. hearing) as well; difficult to study because the phenomenon involves internal experiences that cannot be directly observed by the researchers
32
Professor V.F. Ramachandran
conducted an experiment to see if synesthesia was real; proved it was real!
33
McGurk Effect
speech perception effect in which visual information conflicts with auditory signals, changing the perceived speech sound
34
Ventriloquist Effect
a visual cue that is simultaneously presented with an auditory stimulus biases the location of the visual cue
35
Rubber Hand Illusion
the feeling of ownership of a rubber hand caused by the sight of brushing the fake hand at the same time as the brushing of the person's occluded hand; an illusory sensation of touch
36
Sensation
the reception of physical stimulation & encoding of it into the nervous system
37
Perception
the process of interpreting & understanding sensory information (higher-order cognition)
38
Bottom-Up Processing
(aka data-driven) pattern recognition is initiated by the parts of the pattern that, when summed, led to the recognition of the whole pattern
39
Top-Down Processing
(aka concept-driven) recognition of the whole leads to recognition of the whole leads to recognition on the components
40
Figure-Ground Principle
the tendency to segregate visual scenes into a background & a figure that appears to be superimposed against the background
41
Embodied Perception
idea that the state of our bodies affects our interpretation of the world; perception does not provide a 100% accurate view of the environment; it is dynamic & can be influenced by emotion, motivation, expertise, & skill
42
Consciousness
awareness of internal events & stimuli in the environment
43
Authorship Processing
set of processes that led to attribute events to the entities that are thought to have caused them
44
Blindsight
a pattern resulting from brain damage in which the person seems unable to see in part of his or her field of vision but can often correctly respond to visual inputs when required to do so
45
Subliminal Perception
visual & auditory information presented at a speed and/or intensity that is below the conscious threshold of perception through one or more channels and thus not readily apparent to the subject
46
Subliminal Stimulus
stimulus that is so weak or brief that although it is perceived by the senses; it cannot be perceived consciously
47
Posner Task
aka spatial cueing task; used to study visual attention
48
Spotlight Theory
the focus of our attention is like a spotlight that falls on a certain region in space; anything that is "illuminated" by the spotlight can be easily detected; this "beam" can be made larger or smaller but cannot be divided between two regions
49
Attention
the concentration of mental effort on sensory or mental events; Features: - limited capacity - flexibility - voluntary control
50
Pre-Attentive Processing
occurs before the focus of attention is brought to a stimulus; Pop-out effect
51
Post-Attentive Processing
occurs once attention has been focused on a stimulus
52
Goal-Driven Attention
the observer has a goal in mind & guides the attentional process in the service of that goal
53
Space-Based Attention
attention is focused on a region of space; "Spotlight" metaphor; Posner Task
54
Feature/Object-Based Attention
attention is focused on particular objects
55
Stimulus-Driven Attention
aka attentional capture; the observer simply takes in the environment as attention is occasionally "grabbed" by some aspect of the visual scene
56
Visual Search Tasks
tasks in which participants have to report if a target stimulus is present or absent - number of distractors - nature of the target - the distractors - relationship between the target & the distractors
57
Feature Integration Theory
step 1) basic perceptual features are registered quickly & efficiently step 2) attention must be focused on each item Features tend to lead to pre-attentive processing: - color - size -motion - orientation
58
Feature Search
target differs from distractors by a single, salient feature
59
Conjunction Search
target differs from distractors by a combination of features that are individually presented among distractors
60
Search Asymmetry
Feature Present -> Pre-attentive Processing - moving within stationary objects -> Pre-attentive Processing Feature Absent -> Post-attentive Processing - stationary within moving objects -> Post-attentive Processing
61
Guided Search
(Wolfe) emphasizes the role of pre-attentive & post-attentive processes in guiding later stages of visual attention
62
Search for Multiple Targets
searching for multiple targets leads to poorer performance than a search for a single target
63
Attentional Blink
period of time after the detection of a visual stimulus during which another stimulus cannot be detected - Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP)
64
Inattentional Blindness
failure to notice an obvious but unexpected object, because attention is engaged in some other task
65
Change Blindness
observer's inability to detect changes in scenes they are looking at; the world around us is constantly changing, but we many times fail to detect such changes; the flicker paradigm
66
Selective Attention
the ability to attend to one source of information while ignoring other ongoing stimuli around us
67
Selective Attention Tasks
tasks in which some information must be processed & some must be ignored (dichotic listening & shadowing)
68
Selection Theories
a. early selection theories b. late selection theories
69
Early Selection Theories
we "select" what moves on for further processing in the initial stages of taking information in from the environment
70
Late Selection Theories
all incoming information is recognized but only the selected piece of information emerges into conscious awareness
71
Load Theory
processing of task-irrelevant information depends on the nature of the perceptual demands of the main attentional task; based on two assumptions: - perception has limited capacity - perceptual processing automatically registers all input that can be managed by this limited capacity
72
Divided Attention
aka "multitasking"; processing of & responding to multiple inputs
73
Bottleneck Approach
the idea that there is only one path through which information relevant to only one task at a time can pass
74
Capacity Theory
a theory of attention positing limited-capacity pool of attentional resources that is allocated to different tasks

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