Psy 3010 Ch 1-4 Flashcards by Channing Jensen

“Parent” of the first psychiatric classification system

Emil Krapelin

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Observable characteristic that can change over time

Phenotype

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Characterization by others of disgrace or reproach

Main cause of avoiding treatment

Stigma

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Examining the effects of culture on the way people think, feel, and act

Multi-cultural psychology

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Reducing the severity, duration, and negative effects of a mental disorder after is has occurred.

Tertiary prevention

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Addressing emerging problems while they are still manageable and before resistant to intervention.

Secondary prevention

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Targeting large groups of people who have not yet developed a mental disorder

Primary prevention

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Mental hygiene concept.

Promoting mental health and thwarting mental disorder through education, treatment, and public health measures

Keys to disorder prevention

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Wrote A Mind That Found Itself

Clifford Beers

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In America made the most improvements in treating the mentally ill.

Dorothea Dix

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Cause of mass hysteria (madness) during the middle ages

Tarabtism - Dancing mania (victims of tarantula spirit)

Lycantrophy - transformation into a demon animal (werewolf)

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Removed people with mental illness from the general population because they could not care for themselves.

Asylums

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Introduced asylums in the Renaissance period for people with mental health disorders

Paracelsus

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Philosopher that rejected that abnormal behavior was caused by demons/spirits

Hippocrates

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Cutting a hole in the persons skull to relieve harmful spirits.

Trephination

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Ancient treatments for abnormal behavior focused on..

behavior attributed to supernatural causes.

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Ancient Egyptian treatment for mental disorder

Exorcism and Trephination

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Mental disorder characterized by avoidance of social situations, intense anxiety and clinically significant

Social anxiety disorder

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Thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are considered abnormal when they…

violate social norms
interfere with functioning
cause great personal distress

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Statistical point at which behavior is abnormal

No correct or numerical criterion based on deviance from the norm.

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Symptoms of disorder from culture to cutler

differ

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Three factors that determine if a behavior is considered abnormal

violate social norms or statistically deviant
interfere with functioning
cause great personal distress

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Interferes with a person’s life including caring for them self.

Maladaptive behavior

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Accused father of sexual abuse at 15
recanted at 17
took identity of teenager from town to town
aka Briana Stewart

Treva Thorneberry

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High IQ considered to be abnormal

Statistical Deviance (Einstein example)

Determining the probability of a behavior of a population

Statistical method of defining abnormality

Criteria for determining whether thoughts, emotion, or behavior is abnormal

- deviance from the norm - difficulty adapting to life's demands - experience of personal distress

Class about different mental disorders

Abnormal psychology

What does a P.E.T. scan do?

- evaluate brain structure | - construct a picture of how the brain is functioning

Nuerochemical Assessment

Assessment of dysfunctions in specific nuerotransmitter systems

Elements of culture considered during clinical assessment

- language barrier - cultural background - cultural sensitivity - cultural knowledge

Statement about the cause of an event or about the relationship between two events (educated guess)

Hypothesis

Where is Anorexia nervosa most prevalent?

In societies (USA) that emphasize and reward thinness.

Manipulated variable that researchers hypothesize to be the cause of the action

Independent variable

Measures a certain outcome the researcher is trying to explain or predict

Dependent variable

Assigning people to groups so each person has the same chance of being in each group to represent the general public

Randomization

Factors that may account for group differences on a dependent variable

Confounding variable

Directionality and the fact that other explanations for the relationship between 2 variables cannot be ruled out for the influence of the 3rd variable are two drawbacks of...

Correlational studies

Characteristics of most people

Normal behavior

Risks involved with longitudinal studies

Attrition. Some participants may drop out of the study over time or can no longer be contacted by the researcher

Tests that take rapid pictures of the brain to assess metabolic changes (how the brain is working)

fMRI tests

Client is observed directly in their natural environment

Natural Observation

Two types of projective personality assessments

Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

What does a TAT tell us about a client's personality?

Hostility, defensiveness, jealousy, and rebelliousness

How is the MMPI-2 test scored?

- 10 scales to suggest diagnosis | - profiles client based on all scores

Tests that uses subtests in memory, math, general info, or visual perceptional organization.

Intelligent test measurements

Most common form of clinical assessments (2)

- Unstructured interview | - Structured interview

Administering assessments measured in the same way for everyone.

Standardization

Types of validity

- content - productive - concurrent - construct

Extent to which an assessment technique measures what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

When a person provides similar answers to the same test items across time.

Test-retest reliable

Assigning mental disorders into broad categories or classes based on similar features.

Classification

Aims to reduce risk and increase protective factors regarding mental disorders

Prevention

Key advantages to all types of prevention

Saved resources for future treatment, hospitalization, and/or incarceration of people with a mental disorder.

Median age for mood disorders

30 years old

Median age for substance abuse

20 years old

Median age for anxiety related disorders

11 years old

Median age of onset for a mental disorder

14 years old

Most important thing to determine treatment

Diagnosis/Syndrome

Kraeplin proposed types of mental disorders

- dimentia praecox | - manic-depressive psychosis

Interviews that help mental health professionals gain information about how a person's culture can affect symptoms/treatment

Cultural Formation Interviews

Cause of mental disorder

Etiology

Biological, psychological, or genetic predisposition to disorder

Diathesis

4 parts of the Limbic System

Hippocampus Cingulate Gyprus Septum Amygdala

Regulates emotions and impulses controls thirst, sex, and aggression (4 parts)

Limbic System

Controls movement, planning, and organization. | Focus of mental health research

Frontal Lobe

Controls learning and memory

Glutamate

Controls motor behavior, arousal, reward, attention, learning, and memory

Acetylcholine

Regulates mood, anxiety, arousal, and behavior

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Influences novelty seeking, sociability, pleasure, motivation, coordination, and motor movement

Dopamine

Regulates Arousal, mood, behavior, and sleep

Norepinephrine

Processing of information, mood regulation, behavior, and thought process

Seratonin

Process where an unused nuerotransmitter is reabsorbed and recycled

Reuptake

Brain and the spinal cord are parts of

Central Nervous System

Disorder least likely to be inherited

Major depression

A cluster of symptoms

Syndrome

Individuals or environmental characteristics that precede a metal disorder and are correlated with a disorder -Biological, psychological, and social

Risk Factors

Presence of two or more disorders in a person and is significant concern for mental health professionals

Comorbid with mental disorders

All cases of mental disorder

Prevalence

Must precede the development of a condition

Risk factor occurrence

Why are women a greater risk for anxiety or mood disorders?

Age/Stress

Are race/ethnicity risk factors for mental illness?

Cannot be considered risk factors at this point

Education level, poverty level, and marriage disruption are all linked to mental disorders

True

Martial status linked to higher rates of mental illness

Divorced/Separated

Intervention that is given to people with no signs of disorder Administered to prevent new cases

Primary prevention

Binge Drinking

5 or more drinks for men in one occasion. | 4 or more drinks for women in one occasion

How many main symptoms are required for a depression diagnosis?

5 out of 9 main symptoms

DSM(5) main features of a mental disorder

Syndrome(emotional, cognitive, behavioral symptoms) Symptoms associated with improvement of life activities Syndrome is not expected or culturally approved response to a specific event Symptoms are considered to be dysfunctional in psychological, biological, or developmental process

What do we know about race and ethnicity as risk factors?

They all focus on preventing other problems. The goal of each prevention form is to reduce problems associated with mental disorder on a community- or population-wide basis.

Normality is best understood as running on a

Continuum

What brain structure is MOST likely to contribute to an eating disorder?

Hypothalmus