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PSY 221 Final Flashcards

1
Q

interpersonal attraction

A

the desire to approach other people

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2
Q

social comparison theory

A

the theory that proposes that we evaluate our thoughts and actions by comparing them with those of others

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3
Q

social exchange theory

A

theory that proposes that we seek out and maintain those relationships in which the rewards exceed the cost

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4
Q

physical attractiveness stereotype

A

belief that physically attractive individuals possess socially desirable personality traits and lead happier lives than less attractive persons

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5
Q

body esteem

A

a persons attitude toward his or her body

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6
Q

matching hypothesis

A

the proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar to them in particular characteristics

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7
Q

social anxiety

A

the unpleasant emotion people experience due to their concern with interpersonal evaluation

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8
Q

loneliness

A

having a smaller or less than satisfactory network of social intimate relationships

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9
Q

intimacy

A

sharing that which is inmost with others

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10
Q

attachment

A

the strong emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver

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11
Q

secure attachment style

A

an expectation about social relationships characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and a feeling of being valued and well liked

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12
Q

preoccupied attachment style

A

an expectation about social relationships characterized by trust but combined with a feeling of being unworthy of others’ love and fear of abandonment

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13
Q

dismissing-avoidant attachment style

A

an expectation about social relationships characterized by low trust and avoidance of intimacy, combined with high self-esteem and compulsive self-reliance

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14
Q

fearful-avoidant attachment style

A

an expectation about social relationships characterized by low trust and avoidance of intimacy, combined with a feeling of being unworthy of others’ love and a fear of rejection

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15
Q

self-disclosure

A

the revealing of personal information about oneself to other people

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16
Q

social penetration theory

A

a theory that describes the development of close relationships in terms of increasing self-disclosure

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17
Q

passionate love

A

a state of intense longing for union with another

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18
Q

two-factor theory of emotions

A

a theory that emotional experience is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of the cause of that arousal

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19
Q

excitation transfer

A

a psychological process in which arousal caused by one stimulus is transferred and added to arousal elicited by a second stimulus

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20
Q

companionate love

A

the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply entwined

21
Q

equity theory

A

the theory that people are most satisfied in a relationship when the ratio between rewards and costs is similar for both partners

22
Q

aggression

A

any form of behavior that is intended to harm or unjust some person, oneself, or an object

23
Q

instrumental aggression

A

the intentional use of harmful behavior so that one can achieve some other goal

24
Q

hostile aggression

A

the intentional use of harmful behavior in which the goal is simply to cause injury or death to the victim

25
indirect aggression
a form of aggressive manipulation involving attempts to harm another person without a face-to-face encounter (aka relational aggression)
26
delegitimization
the process of cognitively placing an out group into an extremely negative social category that excludes them from acceptable norms and values, thereby eliminating inhibitions against harming them
27
frustration-aggression hypothesis
theory that frustration causes aggression
28
catharsis
the reduction in aggressive drive following an aggressive act
29
cognitive-neoassociationist model
theory of impulsive aggression that aversive events produce negative affect, which stimulates the inclination to aggress
30
social learning theory
a theory that social behavior is primarily learned by observing and imitating the actions of others, and secondarily by being directly rewarded and punished for our own actions
31
aggressive scripts
guides for behavior and problem solving that are developed and stored in memory and are characterized by aggression
32
culture of honor
a belief system in which males are socialized to protect their reputation by restoring violence
33
prosocial behavior
voluntary behavior that is carried out to benefit another person
34
egotistic helping
a form of helping in which the ultimate goal of the helper is to increase his or her own welfare
35
altruistic helping
a form of helping in which the ultimate goal of the helper is to increase another's welfare without expecting anything in return
36
kin selection
theory that people will exhibit preferences for helping blood relatives because this will increase odds that their genes will be transmitted to subsequent generations
37
reciprocal helping
an evolutionary principle stating that people expect that anyone helping another will have that favor returned at some future time, also known as reciprocal altruism
38
norm of social responsibility
a social norm stating that we should help when others are in need and are dependent on us
39
norm of social justice
a social norm stating that we should help only when we believe others deserve our assistance
40
empathy
a feeling of compassion and tenderness upon viewing a victims plight
41
personal distress
an unpleasant state of arousal in which people are preoccupied with their own emotions of anxiety, fear, or helplessness upon viewing a victims plight
42
bystander intervention model
a theory that whether bystanders intervene in an emergency is a function of a five step decision-making process
43
audience inhibition effect
people are inhibited from helping for feat that other bystanders will evaluate them negatively if they intervene and the situation is not an emergency
44
arousal: cost-reward model
a theory that helping or not helping is a function of emotional arousal and analysis of the costs and rewards of helping
45
negative state relief model
a theory suggesting that for those in a bad mood, helping others may be a way to lift their own spirits if the perceived benefits for helping are high and the costs are low
46
empathy-altruism hypothesis
a theory proposing that experiencing empathy for someone in need produces an altruistic motive for helping
47
just-world belief
a belief that the world is a fair and equitable place, with people getting what they deserve in life
48
threat-to-self-esteem model
a theory stating that if receiving help contains negative self-messages, recipients are likely to feel threatened and respond negatively

bio 121 (2 decks)

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