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PSY 202 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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2
Q

Social Norms

A

formal or informal rules of behaviour

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3
Q

Internal Attributions

A

behaviour is due to a persons personality

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4
Q

External Attributions

A

behaviour is due to external situation

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5
Q

FAE

A

Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency to assign internal attributions to behaviour of others.

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6
Q

Stereotypes

A

Belief about a group of people

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7
Q

Prejudice

A

emotion- negative prejudgement of another group based on a stereotype of that group

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8
Q

Discrimination

A

Behaviour- unjustifiable negative behaviour towards a group and its people.

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9
Q

Latent Discrimination

A

micro-agressions

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10
Q

Blatant Discrimination

A

are on a decline in society

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11
Q

Collectivistic Cultural

A

group needs above individual needs

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12
Q

Individualistic Cultural

A

characterized by individual needs

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13
Q

Sub-Typing

A

new category for outliers

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14
Q

IN-Group Bias

A

our group is superior

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15
Q

Out-group Homogeneity

A

all out group is the same

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16
Q

Sherif Robber’s Cave Study

A

realistic conflict theory

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17
Q

Realistic Group Conflict

A

competition creates prejudice ( robbers cave)

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18
Q

Conformity

A

changing ones behaviour or beliefs to match the group

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19
Q

Sherif Autokientic Study

A

groups find own social norm of perception

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20
Q

Asch Line Study

A

People will conform when the action is obviously wrong

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21
Q

Information Influence

A

conforming due to uncertainty

-sherifs study

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22
Q

Normative Influence

A

conforming in order to have other people like you more

-achs study

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23
Q

Obedience

A

power= adjusting ones behaviors because of direct order by someone in power

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24
Q

Milgram Study

A

participants were told they were part of teaching experiment, they were always the instructor, were told to give painful shocks for wrong answer

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25
Q

Prosocial Behaviour

A

Behaviour that benefits society of helps others

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26
Q

Bystander Effect

A

people are less likely to help when others are present.

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27
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

we assume others know how to react

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28
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

assuming others will respond

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29
Q

Latane and Darley Decision Tree

A

model of helping, process bystanders go through when deciding to help

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30
Q

Latance and DArley Smoke Study

A

studied how students reacted to dangerous situations when others were passive

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31
Q

actor-Observer Bias

A

explains errors that one makes when forming attributions about the behaviour of others

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32
Q

Explain how the following terms are related: Internal Attribution, External Attribution, FAE

A

attributions are explanations of behaviour and FAE is the idea we have more understanding of our own behaviours and with others we tend to assign attributions.

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33
Q

How are the following terms related: stereotype, prejudice, discrimination

A

stereotype in the belief, prejudice is the emotions and discrimination is the behaviour.

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34
Q

What are factors that increase hatred toward others? How can we reduce intolerance?

A

ignorance and stereotyping

35
Q

What is the primary difference between conformity and obedience?

A

conformity is doing things so others like you and obedience is doing something because someone is power told you too

36
Q

How is the Sherif Autokinetic study related to the Asch Study

A

im not sure

37
Q

Why was the Milgram study so controversial?

A

It traumatised the participation’s

38
Q

What are factors that influence our levels of conformity?

A

group size
status
cohesion
public commitment

39
Q

What are factors that influence our levels of obedience?

A

proximity of victim
proximity of authority figure
type of authority figure

40
Q

Why do people fail to help in emergency situations? Explain this in terms of the decision tree and bystander effect.

A

the decision tree

41
Q

How can we increase prosocial behavior

A 
remove restraints on helping behaviour:
-clarify situation 
-increase bystander responsibility 
emotions
-guilt
modelling
-watching others help promotes helping
42
Q

Structuralism

A
  • Wilhelm Wundt
  • applied science principals to PSY questions
  • what is underlying structures of the mind.
  • Intangible
43
Q

Functionalism

A

william james
what is the adaptive function of the mind?
interested in the applications of psychology and free will?

44
Q

Psychodynamic

A 
Freud
unconscience factors that influence behaviour 
model of human psyche
used to treat mental disturbances
second hand research
45
Q

Behaviourism

A

thorndike, pavlov, skinner, watson
mind is a black box
emphasis on principals od learning
made popular by watson

46
Q

Cognitive

A 
computer model for human mind
what are mental processes for life
how does perception influence thought
easily combines with other areas of psy
development of A.I
47
Q

How to read Correlation coefficient

A

indicates strength and direction of relationship
closer to 1 stronger relationship.
both increase or decrease its positive
if they do the opposite its negative

48
Q

IV/DV

A

independent- things that is changed

dependent- thing that is measured.

49
Q

Control Group

A

does not receive treatment

50
Q

Experimental Group

A

does receive treatment

51
Q

Random Assignment

A

insures all groups are equivalent

52
Q

operationalize Definitions

A

define everything:

important for future replication

53
Q

Biases and how to correct: Cofounding Variables, Participant Biases, Experimenter Biases

A

cofounding variables- variables that researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment.

participant Biases- when participants act they way they think researcher wants them too

experimenter Biases- when researcher acts differently to different parts of study giving information away.

54
Q

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and milestones

A

1.sensorimotor- birth to 2 years
object permanence
separation anxiety

  1. Pre-operational 2-6 years
    conservation
  2. concrete operations 6-12
    have reversibility and are able to decentrate
    trouble with abstract

4.formal operations
scientific reasoning

55
Q

Assimilation

A

applying existing schemas to new situations

56
Q

accommodation

A

changing existing schemas

57
Q

3 temperament types

A

1.Easy: majority of babies
-moderate to low intensity reactions
predictable
2. difficult:
high intensity reactions
difficult handling change
3.slow to warm up
moderate
more + than -

58
Q

parenting styles

A
  1. Authoritatian- power assertion. HIgh control low response
  2. Authoritative- management of behaviour and induction best one
  3. permissive- no rules and responsibility
  4. uninvolved
59
Q

Attachments styles

A 
1.secure: most children
good exploration
moderate stranger anxiety
joyous reunion
2.Avoident: 
good exploration
low levels of separation anxiety
cool indifferent reunion
3. ambivalent:
poor exploration
strongest emotions response
stiff arm reunion
60
Q

sex

A

biological classification based on genetic composition, anatomy, and hormones

61
Q

gender

A

cultural expectations and beliefs about that is masculine and feminine

62
Q

intersex

A

physical abnormality with sex organs

63
Q

Freud Stage Theory

A 
structures of consciousness: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
structures of personality:
Id:pleasure principal
Ego:reality principal 
superego: conscience, ego idea
psychosexual stages:
1. Oral: birth to 18 months
mouth 
id develops
oral dependent
2. Anal 1-3 years
toilet training 
anal retentive 
ego develops
3. Phallic 3-6 years
begin to notice sex differences
oedipus complex
electra complex
super ego
hyper masculine or mamas boys
manipulative woman or feminists 
4. latent 6-puberty
5. Genital puberty onwards
mature love
64
Q

O.C.E.A.N

A 
o- openness to experiences
c-conscientiousness(related to job)
e-extraversion
a-agreeableness (how to get along)
n-neutoticism ( anxious)
65
Q

Phobias

A

cued panic

causes: classical conditioning, preparedness, bio disposition
treatment: exposure therapy, flooding desensization, modeling.

66
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of uncontrolled environment

67
Q

panic attacks

A

sudden experience of intense fear and apprehension
causes: increased NH, misinterpreting body signals
Treatment: drugs, cog therapy

68
Q

OCD

A

obsessions: intrusive thoughts or images
compulsions: rituals used to surpress

causes: low SE, abnormal brain structures
treatment: combination = success. drugs cog, behavior control, psycho.

69
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder

A

excessive, constant, counter productive worries

causes: threatening environments, maladaptive relationships with parents, low gaba
treatments: talk therapy, restructure cognitions, drugs

70
Q

PTSD

A

fear and anxiety last long after event.

causes: trauma, high cortisol, personality, childhood poverty/ trauma, weak social support
treatment: EMDR, drugs, therapy

71
Q

Somatoform Disorders

A

Person may believe or appear to have a physical impairment- but there is no physical cause for symptom

causes: reinforcement for behavior, distorted cog
treatment: therapy most effective, maybe meds if comorbid issue

72
Q

Conversion

A

physical malfunction cannot be traced to organic cause

73
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

illness anxiety disorder

74
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

disruption in persons memory

causes: trauma
treatment: psychotherapy

75
Q

Amnesia

A

unable to recall event or period of time

76
Q

Fugue

A

different person for some amount of time

77
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

multiple personality disorder

78
Q

Mood Disorders

A

intense or disrupting changes in mood

causes: low SE/NE inherited, environment
treatments: drugs + therapy

79
Q

major depression

A

5 or more symptoms in a 2 week period

episode but not mania

80
Q

Bipolar

A

extreme mood swings

causes: possibly inherited, link to brain structures
treatment: drugs + therapy

81
Q

Schizophrenia

A

positive and negative symptoms

causes: genetic link
prenatal influence
brain chemistry
environmental stressors
treatment: medication + therapy
82
Q

eustress

A

pos stress

83
Q

distress

A

negative stress

84
Q

general adaption

A

how we respond to stress:
initial alarm: call body to action
stage of resistance: adapting to stressor
stage of exhaustion: burnout and physical exhaustion

Bio Final (2 decks)

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