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French 201 > PSY 101 EXAM 1 > Flashcards

PSY 101 EXAM 1 Flashcards

Chapters 1-3

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1
Q

psychology is…

A

the scientific study of mind and behavior

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2
Q

dualism

A

mind and body are separate but interact to produce conscious experience

René Descartes, opposite of materialism

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3
Q

materialism

A

the view that all mental phenomena is the result of physical phenomena

Thomas Hobbes, opposite of dualism

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4
Q

realism

A

the view that our perception of the world is a copy of the info we receive from our sensory apparatus

John Locke

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5
Q

idealism

A

the view that our perception of the world is our brain’s best interpretation of the info we receive from our sensory apparatus

Immanuel Kant, built off realism

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6
Q

empiricism

school of thought

A

the view that all knowledge is aquired through experience (what you’ve encountered, 5 senses), we are born without innate knowledge
- backbone of the scientific method

John Locke, opposite to nativism

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7
Q

nativism

A

the view that certain knowledge/abilities are innate rather than aquired

Immanuel Kant, opposite to empiricism

human beings must be born with some basic knowledge of the world that allows them to acquire additional knowledge of the world

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8
Q

structuralism

school of thought

A

an approach to psychology that attempted to isolate and analyze the mind’s basic elements

Wilhelm Wundt

didn’t last, no way to tell if a person’s description of their experience was accurate

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9
Q

introspection

A

“systematic self-observation”
the analysis of subjective experience by trained observers

Edward Titchener

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10
Q

functionalism

school of thought

A

an approach to psychology that emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes

William James

if our physical characteristics had evolved because they were adaptive, then the same should be true of our psychological characteristics

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11
Q

hysteria

A

a loss of function that has no obvious physical origin

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12
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

emphasizes the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

Sigmund Freud

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13
Q

psychoanalysis

big wave of thought

A

a therapy that aims to give people insight into the contents of their unconscious minds

Freud

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14
Q

behaviorism

2nd big wave/school of thought

A

an approach to psychology that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behavior
- early behaviorists, radical: mind doesnt exist
- modern: mind does exist, interested in changing behavior

John Broadus Watson, set the mind aside

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15
Q

principle of reinforcement

A

a principle stating that any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and any behavior that isn’t rewarded won’t be repeated

Skinner

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16
Q

gestalt psychology

A

an approach to psychology that emphasized the way in which the mind creates perceptual experience

Max Wertheimer, German “gestalt” = “whole”

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17
Q

developmental psychology

A

he study of the ways in which psychological phenomena change over the life span

Jean Piaget

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18
Q

social psychology

A

experimental study of the causes and consequences of sociality

Kurt Lewin

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19
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the study of human information processing

Ulric Neisser, brought back the mind since behaviorism

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20
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the ways in which the human mind has been shaped by natural selection

a way of thinking about psychology that can be applied to any topic with

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21
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the study of the relationship between the brain and the mind (esp. in humans)

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22
Q

behavioral neuroscience

A

the study of the relationship between the brain and behavior (esp. in animals)

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23
Q

cultural psychology

A

the study of how culture influences mental life

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24
Q

epistemology

A

the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge

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25
Q

rationalism

A

the view that certain perceptual and conceptual capacities (language, thought, etc.) are innate

Plato

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26
Q

theologism

A

there is a god/greater being

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27
Q

philosophy

A

use logic and real concepts

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28
Q

physiologists

A

believed that the body was the only real thing, mind wasn’t important

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29
Q

humanism

A

idea that we have freewill, concious experience, unique potential for growth, looked at motivators to improve

carl rogers, abraham maslow, opposite to determinism

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30
Q

determinism

A

nothing is an accident, everything happens for a reason because of previous events you may or may not be aware of

opposite of humanism

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31
Q

perspectives of psychology

biological perspective

A

Physiological mechanisms in brain and nervous systems that organize and control behavior

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32
Q

perspectives of psych

psychodynamic perspective

A

unconcious influences, childhood experiences

freud

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33
Q

perspectives of psych

behavioral perspective

A

Behavior based on experience and learning

pavlov, watson, skinner

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34
Q

perspectives of psych

humanistic perspective

A

self-perception, concious forces

rogers, maslow

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35
Q

perspectives of psych

postive psychology

A

Positive relationships, what situations/environments foster positive feelings

stemmed from humanism

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36
Q

perspectives of psych

cognitive perspective

A
  • How knowledge is acquired, organized, remembered, used to guide behavior
  • Intellectual development
  • Language
  • information processing (cybernetics)

Piaget, chomsky, touring

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37
Q

perspectives of psych

cross-culture perspective

A
  • Psychological differences between cultural groups
  • Influence of culture on thoughts, feelings, behavior
  • Common elements across culture (innate)
  • Attitudes, values, beliefs
  • Why culture is used to judge other cultures
  • Indivualistic vs communalistic

king, trimble

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38
Q

perspectives of psychology

evolutionary perspective

A
  • Innate, adaptive behavior patterns
  • Applying principles of evolution to explain behavior and psychological processes

Darwin, lorenz, bouchard, wilson

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39
Q

scientific method

A

procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts
1. develop a theory
2. derive a falsifiable hypothesis
3. test hypothesis by gathering emperical evidence

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40
Q

emperical method

A

set of rules and techniques for observation

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41
Q

3 reasons why humans are more difficult to study

emperical method

A
  1. people are complex
  2. people are very variable
  3. people are very reactive (people think, feel, and act differently when they think they are being observed, ex: “demand characteristics”)
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42
Q

psychologists meet challenges of human studying with:

methods of observation

A
  1. define the property being measured
  2. detect how it can be measured
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43
Q

psychologists meet challenges of human studying with:

methods of explanation

A
  • conclusions
  • errors
  • replication
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44
Q

methods of observation

operational definition

A

description of a property in measurable terms, a good definition has construct validity

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45
Q

methods of observation

construct validity

A

specified operations are generally considered good indicators of the specified properties

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46
Q

methods of observation

power

A

a detector’s ability to detect the presence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property

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47
Q

methods of observation

reliability

A

a detector’s ability to detect the absence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property

47
Q

methods of observation

demand characteristics

A

aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects
avoided by:
- naturalistic observation
- privacy and control
- unawareness

48
Q

methods of observation: avoiding demand characteristics

privacy and control

A
  • allow participants to be anonymous to avoid influence (ex: surveys - descriptive strategy)
  • measure behaviors that are not under one’s voluntary control (ex: pupil dialation)
48
Q

methods of observation: avoiding demand characteristics

naturalistic observation

A

systematic observation and recording of behaviors in one’s natural environment
- allows researchers to observe how they are, ethics involved

descriptive strategy

49
Q

methods of observation: avoiding demand characteristics

unawareness

A

the people who are being observed are unaware of the true purpose of the observation

50
Q

methods of observation

observer bias

A

the tendency for observers’ expectations to influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually observed
- expectations can influence observations (ex: decisions made in the process can unconciously lead in the direction of one’s bias)
- expectations can influence reality (ex: one may unwittingly guide an experiment in the direction of their bias through their actions)

avoided by: double-blind studies, etc.

51
Q

methods of observation: avoiding observer bias

double-blind study

A

a study in which neither the researcher nor the participant knows how the participants are expected to behave / the true direction of the study

52
Q

methods of observation: visual representation of data

frequency distribution

A

graphic representation showing the number of times that the measurement of a property takes on each of its possible values
- info summarized into descriptive statistics

53
Q

methods of observation: representation of data

normal distribution

A

frequency of measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in both directions

54
Q

methods of observation: representation of data

descriptive statistics

A

central tendency (mode - most frequent, mean - average, median - middle) and variability (the extent the measurements in a frequency distribution differ from each other, range - largest minus smallest) of a frequency distribution
- interdependent features

small range = less variability

55
Q

methods of observation: representation of data

standard deviation

A

how each of the measurements in a frequency distribution differs from the mean

56
Q

methods of explanation

correlation

A

relationship between variables in which variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other
1. measuring a pair of variables
2. making a series of these measurements
3. finding a pattern

allows predictions not accuracy

57
Q

methods of explanation: correlation

correlation coefficient

A

measurement of the strength and direction of a correlation
- symbolized with r, between 1 (positive corr.) and -1(negative corr.), r = 0 (no corr.)
-

58
Q

methods of explanation

correlation does not imply _

A

causation

59
Q

methods of explanation: causation

experimentation

A

technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
- manipulation and random assignment

60
Q

methods of explanation: experimentation

manipulation

A

determining the causal power of a variable by actively changing its value
1. manipulate a variable (independent variable)
2. measure a variable (dependent variable)
3. compare

61
Q

methods of explanation: experimentation

random assignment

part of the three “Rs”

A

procedure that assigns participants to conditions by chance (multiple experimental groups - exposed to the independent variable vs not, or inbetween)
- avoids self-selection

62
Q

methods of explanation: experimentation

self-selection

A

a problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines the value of the independent variable to which the participant was exposed

63
Q

methods of explanation: conclusions

internal validity

A

an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships

64
Q

methods of explanation: conclusions

external validity

A

an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a representative way

65
Q

methods of explanation: conclusions, generalization

case method/studies

A

procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual
- hard to generalize
studies: highly detailed account of a specific individual, instructional purposes, rare findings, novel approaches
- disadvantage > cant be replicated, subjective

descriptive strategy

66
Q

methods of explanation: conclusions

replication

A

an experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population
- usually fail to replicate results

67
Q

methods of explanation: generalization, conclusions

random selection/sampling

part of the three “Rs”

A

a technique for selecting participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
- can then generalize from sample to population

68
Q

methods of explanation: conclusion errors

type 1 error

A

researchers conclude that there is a causal relationship between two variables when there is not, false positive

69
Q

methods of explanation: conclusion errors

type 2 error

A

researchers conclude that there is not a causal relationship between two variables when there is, false negative

70
Q

the three “Rs”

A
  • representative sample
  • random selection
  • random assignment
71
Q

the three R’s

representative sample

A

a sample that closely parallels the population on relevant characteristics

72
Q

blind study

A

a study in which the participants are unaware of how they should behave / of the studies true purpose

73
Q

ethics and participants rights

informed consent

A

a verbal agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail

74
Q

ethics and participants rights

freedom from coercion

A

participitation may not be coerced

75
Q

ethics and participants rights

protection from harm

A

every possible precaution to protect participants from physical or psychological harm must be taken

76
Q

ethics and participants rights

risk-benefit analysis

A

participants may not be asked/exposed to risks/things above and beyond everyday life

77
Q

ethics and participants rights

deception

A

deception may be used only when justified by the study’s scientific, educational, or applied value and when alternative procedures are not feasible

78
Q

ethics and participants rights

debriefing

A

a verbal description of the true nature of the study must be provided to any participants who were deceived

79
Q

ethics and participants rights

confidentiality

A

private/personal info obtained during a study must be kept confidential

80
Q

neuroscience

neurons

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with each other to perform information-processing tasks
3 parts:
- cell body
- dendrites
- axon

81
Q

neuroscience: parts of neurons

cell body (soma)

A

largest component of the neuron that coordinates the information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive
- nucleus, contains DNA
protein synthesis, energy production, metabolism

82
Q

neuroscience: parts of neurons

dendrites

A

receive info from other neurons or sensory receptors and relay it to the cell body

“tree”

83
Q

neuroscience: parts of neurons

axon

A

carries info from other neurons, muscles, glands, the cell’s output structure
- covered by a myelin sheath, gaps in this are called nodes of ranvier

84
Q

neuroscience: parts of neurons

myelin (sheath)

A

insulating layer of fatty material, more myelin = faster neuron communication speed, protects electrical current from “leaking” out of the axon
- composed of glial cells

85
Q

neuroscience: parts of neurons

glial cells

A

structural support cells found in the nervous system
- removes waste
- physical/nutritional support
- form myelin

“glue”

86
Q

neuroscience: parts of neurons

synapse

A

the gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

87
Q

neuroscience: specialized neurons

sensory neurons

A

receive info from the outside world via sensory organs and convey it to the brain via the spinal cord
- specialized endings on their dendrites that receive signals for light, sound, touch, taste, smell

88
Q

neuroscience: parts of neurons

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath of axon

89
Q

neuroscience: specialized neurons

motor neurons

A

carry signals from the spinal cord (and brain) to glands and muscles to produce movement

90
Q

neuroscience: specialized neurons

interneurons

A

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, other interneurons
- make up most of the nervous system

91
Q

the process of electrochemical action in neurons

A
  1. electrical signal is conducted from dendrites to the cell body, then down axon
  2. **chemical signal **is transmitted from one neuron to another across the synapse
92
Q

electrochemical actions

conduction in neurons

A

cell membrane has channels that allow ions in/out, creating the conduction of electrical current
- ions: atoms with small +/- electrical charge

93
Q

electrochemical actions

resting potential

A

the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane
neurons have a slight negative charge inside (-70 millivolts)
- the difference restricts ions going in/out

94
Q

electrochemical actions

action potential

A

an electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron’s axon to a synapse
- occurs due to changes in the axon’s membrane channels, ions flood making charge +40 millivolts
- all or none, it either fires a neuron, or it doesnt
- jumps node to node

95
Q

electrochemical actions

refractory period

A

the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated
- electrical and chemical balance of the neuron is restored

96
Q

electrochemical actions

chemical signaling

A
  • axons end in terminal buttons
  • which are filled with neurotransmitters (chemicals that transmit info across the synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites)
  • dendrites of receiving neurons contain receptors (parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and either initiate or prevent a new electric signal)
  1. neurons form pathways in the brain that are characterized by specific neurotransmitters
  2. neurotransmitters and receptors bind
97
Q

electrochemical actions

reuptake

A
  1. neurotransmitters are absorbed by terminal buttons
  2. neurotransmitters destroyed by enzymes (enzyme deactivation)
  3. neurotransmitters drift out synapse past receptors (diffusion)
98
Q

neurotransmitters

acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • voluntary motor control
99
Q

neurotransmitters

dopamine

A
  • regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, emotional arousal
100
Q

neurotransmitters

serotonin

A
  • regulation of sleep, eating, aggressive behavior
101
Q

neurotransmitters

norepinephrine

A
  • “fight or flight”
  • arousal, learning, memory
102
Q

neurotransmitters

GABA

A

-inhibits brain activity -> reduces activity

103
Q

neurotransmitters

endorphins

A
  • “runners high”
  • pain, pleasure, emotion
104
Q

agonist drugs

A

mimic NTs or boost their effects, fit receptors well and act like NTs

105
Q

antagonist drugs

A

stop NTs from being produced, fit receptor poorly and block the NT

106
Q

periphiral nervous system

A
  • a division of the nervous system
  • connects the central nervous system to the body’s organs and muscles
  • further divides into autonomic (carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands, divides into sympathetic [arousing] and parasympathetic [calming]) and somatic (conveys info between skeletal muscles and the central system)
107
Q

hindbrain

A
  • coordinates info coming in/out of spinal cord
  • respiration, alertness, and motor skills
  • medulla (HR, circulation, respiration), reticular formation (sleep, arousal), cerebellum (fine motor skills), pons (relays info from cerebellum to rest of brain)
108
Q

midbrain

A
  • tectum (orientates one to stimuli), tegmentum (movement, arousal, orients)
109
Q

forebrain

A
  • controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, motor functions
  • cerebral cortex, subcortical structures: thalamus (relays info from senses to cortex), hypothalamus (regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior), lymbic system (motivation, emotion, learning, memory), hippocampus (creating new memories), amygdala (forms emotional memories), basal ganglia (directs intentional movements, reward processing), corpus collosum (connects R/L hemispheres of the brain)
110
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • processes visual info
  • back of CC
111
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • front of occipital lobe
  • process info from touch
112
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • lower side of each hemisphere
  • hearing, language
113
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • behind forehead
  • movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, judgment

French 201 (2 decks)

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