PSY-101

Question 1

Structuralism

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt, 1870s, Germany. Study of immediate conscious experience and thought

Question 2

Functionalism

Answer 2

William James, 1870s. Study of how and why the mind functions

Question 3

Psychoanalysis

Answer 3

Freud, 1880s. A treatment for mental disorders that focuses on the unconscious. Employs free association. “Release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behaviour.”

Question 4

fMRI

Answer 4

Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- produces 3-D image of moment-by-moment by aiming powerful magnetic field at brain
- able to view detailed features of less than 1 mm wide and changes occurring in less than 1/10ths of second

Question 5

PET

Answer 5

Positron emission tomography
- through injection of (safe) radioactive liquid into bloodstream which reaches brain
- reveal biochemical activity at a given moment

Question 6

TMS

Question 7

Working memory

Answer 7

Memory that involves conscious thought
- Consists of short-term memory and long-term memory

Question 8

Classical conditioning

Answer 8

Forming an association between an unconditioned stimuli and unconditioned response with a neutral stimuli to produce a conditioned response (towards neutral stimuli)

Question 9

Operant conditoning

Answer 9

Increasing or decreasing voluntary actions through (pos or neg) reinforcement or (pod or neg) punishment

Question 10

Stimuli generalization

Answer 10

Associating similar stimuli with conditioned stimuli

Question 11

Stimuli discrimination

Answer 11

Only responding to specific conditioned stimulus, and not to stimuli that is similar

Question 12

Positive + negative reinforcement

Answer 12

Positive reinforcement: increase target behaviour by introducing something EX favorite food dish because cleaned room

Negative reinforcement: increase target behaviour by taking something away EX no final because did good on midterm

Question 13

Sensorimotor

Answer 13

The first stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory for children. Birth - 2. Characterized by adapting to environment, experiencing world through reflexes, using symbols, and understanding objects. Cognitive milestone: object permanence.

Question 14

Preoperational

Answer 14

The second stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory for children. 2 - 7. Characterized by representing world through symbols, animism, centration (focus on one aspect), and gut over logic. Cognitive milestone: egocentrism and (by end of stage) decentration.

Question 15

Concrete operational

Answer 15

The third stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory for children. 7 - 12. Characterized by using operations (only in concrete situations), and logic over gut. Cognitive milestone: conservation.

Question 16

Formal operational

Answer 16

The fourth and final stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory for children. 12+. Characterized by using operations in hypothetical situations, deductive reasoning, thinking about the future, and return of egocentrism. Cognitive milestone: thinking hypothetically.

Question 17

Assimilation

Answer 17

Incorporates new experiences into existing mental frameworks/behaviour

Question 18

Accommodation

Answer 18

Existing structures modified/revised by new experiences

Question 19

Primary reflexes

Answer 19

Babinski reflex- toes fanning when foot touched

Moro reflex- stretching limbs and crying following loud noise

Rooting reflex- head turns when cheek or lips touched

Sucking reflex- sucking when finger or nipple in mouth

Grasping reflex- grasping when objects touch hand

Question 20

Schema

Answer 20

Mental frameworks used to organize thoughts and experience into categories (EX: Ducky!)

Question 21

Germinal period

Answer 21

The first stage in prenatal development. Conception - 2 weeks

Question 22

Embryonic period

Answer 22

The second stage in prenatal development. 3 - 8 week. Neural tube forms at 22 days, all basic organs and body parts develop save for sex organs, placenta forms (life-support, connecting mothers circulatory system with babies’ through umbilical cord)

Question 23

Fetal period

Answer 23

The third stage in prenatal development. 9 week - birth. Brain grows 6 times in size, facial features develop, age of variability (only 50% survival at 24 weeks)

Question 24

Teratogans

Answer 24

substances that can lead to birth defects or death
Examples: FAS, emotional stress, STDs, nutrition (lack of folic acid), maternal age (adolescent or over 35)

Question 25

FAS

Answer 25

Fetal alcohol syndrome
- caused by heavy drinking (usually during weeks 10 - 20)
- widespread cell death in brain
- flattened features, low-set eyes, similar to down-syndrome appearance
- 10,000 babies per year (1 in 750)

Question 26

Age of viability

Answer 26

Age in which fetus is able to live and survive outside fo womb. Occurs at 24 weeks

Question 27

Zygote

Answer 27

Living cell with fused genetic info from parents, formed within hours of conception

Question 28

__% of fertilized eggs are lost before a woman finds out she’s pregnant

Answer 28

50%