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PSY 101 > PSY 10 Ch. 1-5 > Flashcards

PSY 10 Ch. 1-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Variables

A

Factors, either events in the environment or other behaviors, that often change along with the behavior of interest.

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2
Q

Observation

A

Thé careful noting and recording of events that occur over time

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3
Q

Descriptive method

A

Making observations with the goal of accurately and impartially describing and cataloging behaviors without any attempt to influence harm

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4
Q

Surveys

A

A means of gathering data about behavior by having people answer questions about their behavior, thoughts, or opinions.

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5
Q

Axon

A

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons muscles or glands an extension form the nerve cell.

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6
Q

Terminal branches of axon

A

Forms junctions with other cells, the end of the axon.

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7
Q

Neural impulse

A

Action potential, electron signaling that travels down the axon

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages from other neurons extending off a neuron.

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9
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon and some neurons and helps speed neural impulses.

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10
Q

Action potential

A

A neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave

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11
Q

When does the cell send the action potential

A

When it reaches the threshold

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12
Q

When is the threash

hold reached

A

When excitatory (Fire) signals outweigh the inhibitory (dont fire) signals by a certain amount

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13
Q

Serotonin

A

neurons send their axons through the brain, controls sleep, arousal, and mood.

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14
Q

norepinephrine

A

speeds heart rate breathing and and neural activity “fight or flight response”

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15
Q

GABA

A

reduces neuron activity major inhibitory transmitter

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16
Q

Glutamate

A

involved in memory excitatory transmitter.

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17
Q

Acetylcholine

A

a neuron transmitter used by many parts of the nervous system

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18
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

When someone thought they knew it all along

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19
Q

The confidence error

A

mistakenly perceiving order in random events

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20
Q

Over confidence error

A

” I am sure I am correct”

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21
Q

Scientific Method

A

Self-correcting process for asking questions and observing answers use this to test your hypothesis

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22
Q

Case Study

A

A careful, intensive observation of one or a few individuals, typically people who display a particular behavior, can be a source of of ideas behind human nature

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23
Q

Observation “natural behavior

A

Watching subjects in the natural space without changing anything

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24
Q

Surveys

A

A method of gathering information about many people’s thoughts or behaviors through self-report rather than observation. Be careful about the wording of questions. only question randomly sampled people.

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25
Q

Random Sampling

A

a technique for making sure that every individual in a population has an equal chance of being in your sample.

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26
Q

correlation

A

an observation that two traits or attributes are related to each other (thus, they are “co”-related)

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27
Q

scientific definition

A

a measure of how closely two factors vary together

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28
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

the number representing the strength and direction of correlation.

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29
Q

Experimentation

A

Manipulating one factor in a situation to determine its effect. ex. removing sugar from the diet of children with ADHD to see the difference.

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30
Q

Control group

A

The group that is the same in every way other than the one variable we are changing

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31
Q

Independant Variable

A

A variable we are able to manipulate independently of what the other variables are doing

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32
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable we use to experience a change which depends on the manipulation we’re doing

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33
Q

Confounding variables

A

Might have an effect on the dependent variable

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34
Q

Cell Body

A

The cells life support center \it surrounds the nucleus.

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35
Q

longitudinal study

A

You will get a more accurate result but studying the same person over a period of time

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36
Q

cross-sectional

A

you won’t get as good of a conclusion since you are studying different people over time.

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37
Q

Mode

A

the most common level/number/score

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38
Q

Mean (arithmetic average)

A

The sum of the scores, divided by the number of scores

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39
Q

Median (middle persons score or 50th percentile)

A

The number/level that half of people scored above half and half scored below

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40
Q

Range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

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41
Q

Standard deviation

A

a calculation of the average distance of scores from the mean

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42
Q

“Bell shape”

A

Normal curve

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43
Q

neurons

A

the atoms of the mind

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44
Q

cell body

A

the cell’s life support center

45
Q

The synapse

A

junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

46
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals used to send signals across the synaptic gap - are released from the sending neuron and stimulate receptor sites
on the receiving neuron. These are the signals telling the receiving cell whether or
not to fire the next action potential.
8

47
Q

Reuptake

A

After neurotransmitters stimulate the receptors on the receiving neuron the chemicals are taken back up into the sending neuron to be used again

48
Q

Dopamine

A

influences movement learning attention and emotion oversupply linked to schizophrenia

49
Q

the central nervous system CNS

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord makes the decisions for the body

50
Q

The peripheral nervous system

A

consists of the rest of the nervous system gathers and sends info to and from the rest of the body

51
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

arouses fight or flight

52
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms - rest and digest

53
Q

the endocrine system

A

sends molecules as messages through the blood stream

54
Q

pituitary gland

A

“master gland” produces hormones that regulate other glands such as the thyroid

55
Q

EEG

A

a recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface studies seizures and sleep

56
Q

PET

A

Allows us to see what part of the brain is active by tracing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

57
Q

MRI

A

makes images from signals produced by brain tissues after magnets align the spin of atoms

58
Q

FMRI

A

reveals brain activity and function rather that structures. compares MRI images taken a split second apart and shows the changes in the level of oxygen in blood flow in the brain.

59
Q

the brain stream and cerebellum

A

coordinates the body

60
Q

the limbic (border) system

A

manages emotions, and connects thought to body

61
Q

The cortex (outer covering )

A

integrates infromation

62
Q

the medulla

A

controls most basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing

63
Q

pons

A

help coordinate automatic (swallowing, facial expressions, eye movement) and unconscious movements (body movement during REM sleep)

64
Q

Thalamus

A

all sensory messages except smell are routed through here

65
Q

cerebellum little brain

A

helps coordinate voluntary movement like when playing a sport

66
Q

limbic system coordinates

A

fear and aggression hunger, etc

67
Q

hippocampus

A

processes conscious episodic memories emotionally charged memories

68
Q

Amygdala “almound”

A

Process emotions fear and aggression

69
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates body temperature and ensures adequate food and water intake

70
Q

frontal lobes

A

speaking muscle movements making plans and judgements, executive functions

71
Q

parietal Lobes

A

include sensory cortex, pain temperature, joint movement, touch

72
Q

occipital lobes

A

include the visual areas they receive visual information from the opposite visual field bottom back of the brain

73
Q

temporal lobes

A

including the auditory processing areas, bottom of the brain

74
Q

The brain is flexible

A

the brain does not repair damaged neurons but it can restore some functions, can form new networks and insert new neurons some grown from stem cells.

75
Q

genome

A

an organism’s entire collection of genes

76
Q

Factors from our environment influence gene expression through the

A

epigenome

77
Q

twins

A

if 100% concordance rate then identical twins would have 100% probability of sharing a particular trait. Individuals with same genetic make up

78
Q

phenotype

A

the physical expression of those genes

79
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA that code for particular protiens

80
Q

protein production

A

nucleotide pairs determine production of amino acids which intern combine to produce proteins

81
Q

Heritability

A

a statistical estimate of what percentage of variation for a trait is caused by the various genotypes

82
Q

genotype

A

the genes a person has for a trait. determines which environments one encounters, the makeup of a gene.

83
Q

Parental contributions

A

parents create a certain environment for their genetically similar child. passive because children are passive recipients of both genes and environment provided by their parents’ ex many parents are athletic and so they might pass that on to their kids.

84
Q

individual development

A

social cultural influences
biological influences
psychological influences

85
Q

development

A

is the result of ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

86
Q

Reflexes

A

responses that are inborn and do not have to be learned.

87
Q

rooting reflex

A

when something touches a newborns cheek the infant turns twords that side with an open mouth

88
Q

the sucking reflex

A

when a baby begins sucking trying to get milk

89
Q

crying when hungry

A

the newborn using the right sounds to motivate parents to end the noise and feed the baby

90
Q

accomidation

A

refers to adjusting our schema to better fit our experiences

91
Q

assimilation

A

refers to incorporating new experience’s into our existing scheme/categories

92
Q

object permanence

A

an infant’s ability to know that an object still exists even when it is not seen, 6-8 months

93
Q

conservation

A

when kids developed the ability to know that the quality doesn’t change even when it’s been altered

94
Q

Egocentrism

A

a child’s inability to see another person’s POV

95
Q

Reversibility

A

the ability for kids to undo something, can mentally reverse the actions or steps

96
Q

centration

A

the child only being able to focus on one thing at a time

97
Q

theory of mind

A

the ability to understand that others have their own state of mind

98
Q

Autism

A

severe social and communication disabilities, they lack theory of mind.

99
Q

symptoms of autism

A
  1. Lack of eye contact
  2. lack of joyful expressions
    3.lack of sharing interest and enjoyment
    5.lack of response to name
  3. lack of nonverbal communication
  4. repetitive movements with objects
    8.repetative movements of body
100
Q

cognition

A

the mental activities that help us function jean Piaget

101
Q

Vygotsky

A

focused on how kids learn in the concept of social communication, kids learn thinking skills by internalizing language from others, building a scaffold of mentoring, language, and cognitive support from parents and others. Continuous development

102
Q

attachment

A

an emotional tie to another person, a desire for physical closeness to a caregiver

103
Q

secure attachment

A

most kids feel distressed when mom leaves and when she comes back they calm down

104
Q

anxious insecure attachment

A

clingy towards mom less likely to explore environment and may get loudly upset with mom’s departure and remain upset when she returns

105
Q

avoidant attachment

A

seeming indifferent to mom’s departure and return

106
Q

disorganized attachment

A

inconsistent patterns of behavior

107
Q

temperament

A

a persons emotional makep up the way a person generally responds to a variety of situations

108
Q

sensitive periods

A

time during development when exposure to stimuli has the greatest effect on a particular behavior

109
Q

preoperational stage

A

After the childeren learn to use languauge to represent objects and actions

PSY 101 (2 decks)

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