pst2235 exam quiz Flashcards
What does the term prodromal refer to when discussing disease characteristics?
Early stage of vague, non-specific symptoms
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? give examples
signs = objective - Rash, tachycardia
symptoms = subjective - dizzy, nausea, pain
What is the name given to an increase in cell number via cellular division?
hyperplasia
What does the term apoptosis mean?
Programmed cell death
What are 2 characteristics of visceral pain?
referred and poorly localised
What is the name given to an area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve?
dermatome
Briefly define the term - iatrogenic
injury or disease caused by medical intervention or errors
when discussing disease,. what is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
incidence is the number of new cases, prevalence is the number of all cases
list 2 chemical mediators that are involved in inflammatory response
histamine, cytokines
what area of the brain is responsible for temperature control?
hypothalamus
what is the term given to the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment?
homeostasis
what fluid shifts occur when a hypotonic solution is infused into a normally hydrated patient?
water will be drawn from the solution into the cells as the cells will have a higher solute concentration than the infused fluid
which hormone, secreted by the adrenal gland, stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water? what effect would this have on blood pressure?
aldosterone
raises blood pressure
which substance is released by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney in response to reduce blood volume?
renin
an abnormal accumulation of water in the interstitial tissue is commonly referred to as what?
Oedema or swelling
which common electrolyte imbalance triggers the thirst reflex?
Hypernatraemia
life threatening arrhythmias are a severe consequence of which electrolyte imbalance?
hyperkalaemia
which hormone “pulls” calcium from bones and increases absorption?
parathyroid hormone
what is the name of the receptors that initiate a respiratory response to changes in pH?
chemorecepetors
which electrolyte is vital to support energy needs and oxygen transport?
phosphorus
how long do renal compensatory mechanisms take to adjust pH?
hours to days
which acid-based imbalance is characterised by an excess of non-carbonic acid (non-volatile)?
metabolic acidosis
what is the difference between volatile and non-volatile acids?
volatile excreted through respiration and non-volatile excreted through the renal system
in what stage of shock do rouleaux formations and capillary obstruction occur?
decompensating
which coronary artery supplies blood to the conduction system?
right
what is the number 1 rule for shock management?
assume hypovolaemic until proven otherwise
what is the formula for calculating MAP?
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
what are the 4 stages of the progression of shock in the microcirculation?
vasoconstriction, capillary, and venue opening, DIC, multiple organ failure
what is the definition of cardiogenic shock?
shock that occurs due to the inability of the heart to deliver adequate circulating volume for tissue perfusion
list 3 non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease
gender, age, family history, type 1 diabetes
provide 3 management goals for the treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome
reduced workload, increase O2 delivery, minimise clot formations
which type of angina is caused by vasospasm of the coronary artery?
prinzmetal’s angina
what are the 2 main branches of the left main coronary artery?
Left anterior descending and circumflex
what type of MI is caused by micro-emboli becoming lodged in the distal coronary arteries?
Non-stemi
describe the pharmacological management of chest pain of presumed cardiac origin
fentanyl, oxygen, nitrates, aspirin
what is the life-threatening condition that occurs as a result of left ventricular failure?
Acute pulmonary oedema
what condition is characterised by sudden syncope, pain in the back or abdomen and unequal BP readings?
Dissecting aneurysm
asthma is a sudden or progressive narrowing of the airways caused by what 3 mechanisms?
Bronchospasm, swelling, increased mucous production
At what rate should an asthmatic patient be ventilated with a BVM?
4-6 breaths per minute
allow extra time for air to be expelled
which group of conditions results in destruction of alveoli and reduced surface area for gas exchange?
CAL - bronchitis and emphysema
An inability to lie flat due to breathing difficulties is termed?
Orthopnoea
what is the most effective long-term treatment for the management of chronic asthma?
steroids
describe the difference between high VQ and low VQ
high VQ - ventilation is normal but there is decreased perfusion
low VQ - ventilation is reduced but there is adequate perfusion
list 4 medical causes of seizures
hypoglycaemia, infection, epilepsy, drug withdrawal
what are the phases of an epileptic seizure?
aura, tonic, clonic, post-ictal
what is the medical terminology for difficulty speaking?
dysphasia
what type of strokes have a better prognosis - ischaemic or haemorrhagic?
ischaemic
what are the 4 types of headaches identified?
tension, migraine, cluster and sinus
typically, what percentage of beta cells are destroyed before type 1 diabetes manifests?
80-90%
list 3 common symptoms of hyperglycaemia
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
what is the mechanism of action of glucagon?
it stimulates glycogenolysis which requires stores of glycogen in the liver
what autoimmune disease causes excess thyroid hormone secretion?
Grave’s disease
Cushing’s syndrome is caused by an excess of which hormone?
cortisol
in a hypersensitivity reaction which cells release histamine?
mast cells
which type of disorder involves a failure in recognising or a loss of tolerance to self?
autoimmune disease
what types of immune cells differentiate into plasma cells?
B cells
what is the main difference between T cells and B cells?
T cells respond directly to attack invading organism and B cells produce antibodies
