PST Flashcards
What is Common Law?
If anyone has an honestly held belief that imminent danger will occur, you may use reasonable and necessary force to avert that danger. A pre-emptive strike can also be used.
What can Common Law be in defence for?
People and property
What year is the Criminal Law Act?
1967
What section of the criminal law act do we need to know for PST?
Section 3
What is meant by Section 3 of the Criminal Law Act 1967?
A person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances in the prevention of crime or in the effecting or assisting in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected offenders or persons lawfully at large.
Who can Section 3 of the Criminal Justice Act 1967 be used by?
Anyone.
However, only Police Officers can use it if they suspect, members of the public actually have to see the crime to use this power.
What is Article 2 of the Human Rights Act?
Right to life
What is Article 3 of the Human Rights Act?
Prohibition of torture, inhumane and degrading treatment or punishment.
What is Article 5 of the Human Rights Act?
Right to liberty and security
What year is PACE?
1984
What section of PACE do we need to know for PST?
Section 117
Section 24
What is Section 117 of PACE?
Where any provision of this act confers a power on a constable and does not provide that the power may only be exercised with the consent of the person, other than a police officer, the officer may use reasonable force, if necessary, in the exercise of the power.
What is meant by the Human Rights Act 1998?
force must always be proportionate, legal, officers are accountable and it must have been necessary
What year was the Human Rights Act made?
1998
What is Section 24 of PACE?
The power to arrest
What are 3 reasons where handcuffs may be used?
There are reasonable grounds to believe;
- that the person will attempt or has attempted to escape
- that the person will use or has used violence against officers or the public
- they will harm themselves or others
What does JPLANET in the Human Rights Act stand for?
Justified, proportionate, legal, accountable, necessary, ethical, transparent
What are the 3 policing principals?
Courage
Respect and empathy
Public service
State each section of the NDM model.
1) Gather information and intelligence
2) Assess threat and risk and develop a working strategy
3) Consider powers and policy
4) Identify options and contingencies
5) Take action and review what happened
What is the assertiveness triangle?
- Assertive
- Aggressive
- Non-assertive
What are some characteristics of assertiveness?
Looks like: calm, person in control, balanced
Feels like: powerful, rewarding
Feels like to receive: relief, evokes confidence
What are some characteristics of non-assertiveness?
Looks like: weak, avoids eye contact
Feels like: easy option
Feels like to receive: frustrating
What are some characteristics of aggressiveness?
Looks like: clenched fists
Feels like: empowered feelings
Feels like to receive: intimidating
Explain betari’s box.
My attitude affects my behaviour affects your attitude affects your behaviour
What does SPEAR stand for?
Spontaneous
Protection
Enabling
Accelerated
Response
What are the 3 principals in SPEAR?
- sweet spot
- 90 degree angle
- fingers splayed
What are the 3 flinch responses?
- primal
- protective
- micro-flinch
How can I use PAVA effectively?
- short bursts
- directly into the eyes
What is the minimum, optimum and maximum range for PAVA?
- Min 3ft
- Optimum 3ft - 6ft
- Max 10ft
How long does it take for PAVA to set in?
5-15 seconds
How long does it take for full recovery of PAVA?
20-35 minutes
What are the effects on the eyes, skin and respiratory system because of PAVA?
Eyes - immense pain
Skin - burning of the skin
Respiratory system - difficultly breathing
What is some effective aftercare of PAVA?
- reassurance “try not to rub your eyes”
- open eyes as soon as possible
- cool fresh air
How can we keep PAVA safe in storage?
- behind a double locked door
- sign in / sign out register
- when used, change it straight away
- check expiry - on the bottom of the cannister
When a spit and bite guard be used?
- 2 officers present
- body worn video must be on
- subject should be in handcuffs
What are the 5 pressure points?
- Mandibular angle (behind ear lobe)
- Brachial plexus origin (side of the neck)
- Hypoglossal (under the jaw)
- Subclavian (above collar bone)
- Axilla (slightly below armpit)
What is required for any pressure point to be effective?
Apply a counter pressure
Why may you use a mandibular angle and brachial plexus origin pressure point?
For release
From a safety perspective , a stop and search should be…?
- safe
- thorough
- methodical
Why may you use a hypoglossal pressure point?
Stand up
What is the difference between a section 1 and 32 search?
Section 32 is after arrest
What is section 54 of PACE?
Search is custody - authorised by custody sergeant
What is meant by SHAKS in terms of grounds?
Seen
Hear
Action
Knowledge
Smell
Where should baton strikes be aimed?
At a 45 degrees in the centre of body mass, arms, legs. Areas to avoid should be the head, neck,
spine, sternum or groin.
What are some medical implications of limb restraints?
Positional Asphyxia
DVT
Where should you apply limb restraints?
3x fingers above the knee
ON the ankles
- always remember to check for tightness
In terms of number of officers, what is best practise and minimum amount needed when using limb restraints?
Best practise - 3
Minimum - 2
What risk factors increase the likeliness of positional asphyxia?
- subject’s body position results in constricted airways
- Alcohol and drugs
- obesity
- restraints
What are some signs and symptoms of positional asphyxia?
- Facedown
- Cyanosis
- gurgling / gasping sounds
- panic
- Behaviour changes - suddenly becomes loud / quiet
What is DVT?
Deep vein thrombosis refers to formation of one or more blood clots of the body’s large veins
What are some risk factors that can increase the likeliness of DVT?
- over 40
- had blood clots before
- have heart disease / circulation problems
What are some signs and symptoms of DVT?
- swelling of the affected leg
- pain and tenderness
- change of colour in skin
What are some types of edged weapons?
- knife
- knuckle duster
- machete
What are 4 common types of attacks using edged weapons?
- the overhead stab
- the guttural stab
- the slash
- the backlash
What are some signs and symptoms of ABD?
- Unexpected physical strength
- hot to touch
- rapid breathing
- insensitivity to pain
What does CUT stand for in edged weapons?
- create distance
- use cover
- transmit (for assistance)
What is ABD?
Caused by adrenaline, mental health, drugs. The increased activity uses up more oxygen and produces more co2. -> increased acidtosis - Can send subject into an immediate cardiac arrest
Anyone displaying signs of ABD should be…
treated and declared as a medical emergency.
What type of response should be radioed to other emergency services when dealing with ABD
Cat 1
ABD =
A & E
What does LEAPS stand for?
Listen
Empathy
Ask
Paraphrase
Summarise
What does ICRC stand for?
Intervene
Calm
Rapport
Control
What does BUGEE stand for?
Be prepared to back off
Use of effective cover
Give space and time if possible
Early negotiation
Evacuate immediate area
What is the 5 step appeal?
1) simple appeal
2) reasoned appeal
3) person appeal
4) final appeal
5) reasonable force may be the only option left
What is the 5 step appeal?
1) simple appeal
2) reasoned appeal
3) person appeal
4) final appeal
5) reasonable force may be the only option left
What is the ABCDE of handcuffing?
A-Apply handcuff
B-Be sure to ask the subject
C-Check the handcuffs for tightens
D-Double lock
E-Evidence justification of handcuff use
