PSM Flashcards
1
Q
Histogram is used for?
A
Continuous quantitative data
2
Q
Line diagram is used for?
A
Time trend
3
Q
Scatter plot is used for?
A
Correlation - ecological study
4
Q
Spot map is used for?
A
Geographic distribution
5
Q
What is most affected when outliers are present?
A
Mean = sum of all/total of all
Arythematic mean
6
Q
What is most preferred when outliers are present?
A
Median
7
Q
What is least affected when outliers are present?
A
Mode (most occurring value)
8
Q
What is harmonic mean?
A
Reciprocal of Arythematic mean
9
Q
What is geometric mean?
A
Mean taken on log scale
when values change exponentially
10
Q
What is weighted mean?
A
When certain values in data are more important
11
Q
Mean +/-1 SD covers?
A
68.3%
12
Q
Mean +/-2 SD covers?
A
95.4%
13
Q
Mean +/-3 SD covers?
A
99.7%
14
Q
How to calculate single mode in a bimodal distribution?
A
3Median-2Mean
15
Q
Left skewed distribution MMM location?
A
Mean-Median-Mode
16
Q
Right skewed distribution MMM location?
A
Mode-Median-Mean
17
Q
Inter-Quartile range (IQR) formula?
A
Q3-Q1
18
Q
HDI pneumonic
A
KIL at birth
Knowledge
Income
Life expectancy at birth
19
Q
Physical Quality of Life index pneumonic?
A
ILL at 1 year
IMR - infant morality rate
Literacy
Life expectancy at 1 year
20
Q
Global hunger index penumonic?
A
MMM
Mortality under 5
Malnutrition under 5
Malnutrition in overall population
21
Q
Multidimensional Poverty Index pneumonic?
A
HEL
Health - Malnutrition, child mortality
Education - year of schooling and attendance
Living standard - Housing, sanitation, water, electricity, cooking fuel, assets
22
Q
Quarantine is done for/and how long?
A
Healthy contacts up until incubation period.
23
Q
Isolation is done for/and how long?
A
Cases up until period of communicability.
24
Q
Maternal death according to WHO is?
A
During and after pregnancy upto 6 weeks
25
Blood bag is discarded in which color bag?
Yellow
26
Female spermicidal contraceptive?
Nonoxynol
27
Which test not done before blood transfusion?
Hep A
28
What does base denote in a population pyramid?
Fertility
29
Relative risk can be directly determined in?
Cohort study
30
Which toxin is present in khesari dal? And it causes?
BOAA - Lathyrism
31
Vaccine given at birth?
BCG, OPV, Hep B
32
Indicator used to compare life expectancy between two countries?
HDI
33
Minimum antenatal visits according to WHO?
4
34
What is disposed in blue colored container?
Contaminated Glassware
35
What is disposed in white colored container
Sharps - puncture proof container
36
What is disposed in red colored container
Recyclable plastic contaminated waste
37
What is disposed in yellow colored container
Anatomical, biological and chemical waste
38
Home based pregnancy kit provided by GOI?
Nischay
39
Causative agent of Donovanosis/Granuloma inguinale) is?
Klebsiella Granulomatis
40
Which secondary/reinfection causes immunological catastrophe?
Dengue
41
MTP is permitted upto what week after MTP act 2021?
24 weeks (old 20 weeks)
42
What is colostrum? And what does it contain?
First human breast milk - has high AA, mineral and IgA content
43
Pellagra is coming in people with what kind of diet?
Maize eater
44
Therapeutic dose of chroloquine? And it's used on which causative agent case?
25 mg/kg - P. Vivax
45
Malaria due to P. Falciparum is treated with?
IV Artesunate
46
Measure of disease prevalence in a society?
DALY
47
HPV Vaccine is based on?
L1 and L2 proteins in virus capsid
48
Discrete probability of given number of events in a fixed interval is?
Poisson's distribution
49
Breast quantitative method to study previous research study is?
Meta-analysis
50
Heat sensitive device on vaccine vial is known as?
VVM - Vaccine Vial Monitor - monitors heat exposure through a gradual change in color
51
Trans-placental transmission with microcephaly is seen in?
Zika virus
52
Highest thermic effect is seen in?
Protein diet
53
Father of public health, and what did he recognize?
John snow, cholera
54
Father of modern epidemiology?
John snow
55
Father of medicine/ first true epidemiologist?
Hippocrates
56
PQLI lies between?
0-100
57
HDI value is?
0-1
58
Iceberg phenomenon is shown by?
TB
59
Iceberg phenomenon is not shown by?
Rabies, Tetanus, Measles, Rubella
60
Changes in disease occurrence over a long period of time is known as?
Secular trend
61
In which trend pandemic occurs every few years/specified time?
Cyclic trend
62
Active surveillance is?
House to house
63
Passive surveillance is?
In hospital
64
Sentinel surveillance is?
For missed cases - sentinel site
65
Primordial prevention is?
Before risk factor, Health education, best for non-communicable diseases
66
Primary prevention is?
Before disease and risk factor present, health promotion specific protection, both pre and post exposure
67
Handwashing is which prevention?
Primary
68
Secondary prevention is?
Disease in early stage, early diagnosis and treatment, screening
69
Tertiary prevention is?
Disease beyond early stage, disability limitation and rehabilitation
70
Epidemiological triad has?
Agent, host and environment
71
Epidemiological triangle has?
Agent, host and environment + TIME
72
Advanced Epidemiological triangle has?
Causative factor, environment and Population
73
Wheel of causation has?
Social + physical + biological +genetic factors
74
Goal-3 states?
3.1 By 2030 decrease MMR by 70/1 lac
3.2 By 2030 decrease NMR by 12/1000
By 2030 decrease USME by 25/1000
3.3 Epidemic of HMT (HIV, malaria, TB)
3.4 Decrease 1/3rd deaths due to non-communicable disease
75
Sustainable developmental goal has how many goals?
17 goals
Goal 3 health related, 2015-2030
76
Morbidity indicators are?
Incidence = no of new cases/population at risk * 1000 - cohort
Prevalence = new + old cases/total population * 100 - cross sectional
77
Prevalence can be studied by which study?
Cross sectional analysis
78
Incidence can be studied by which study?
Cohort study
79
Incidence can calculate ______ and _______.
Attack and secondary attack rate
80
Prevalence can calculate ______ and _______.
Point prevalence and period prevalence
81
Recent India death rate?
6/1000
82
Crude death rate SP?
Very unspecific
83
Specific death rate SP?
At risk population
84
Proportional mortality rate SP?
Burden of disease
85
Case fatality rate SP?
Virulence/killing power
86
Survival rate SP?
Prognosis and compare treatment
87
Standardization types and uses?
Direct used when we know ASDR
Indirect when we don't know ASDR
88
Case report is?
Rare clinical finding of 1 patient
89
Case series is?
Rare clinical finding of group of patients
90
Retrospective cohort study is?
It uses preexisting secondary research data to examine the relationship between an exposure and an outcome
91
Ecological study is also known as?
Correlational study, it is weakest study design
92
Ecological study's drawback?
Ecological fallacy
93
Case control study details?
Effect to cause
Recall bias (won't remember no of cigarettes smoked)
Cheap and time saving so suitable for rare disease
94
Cohort study details?
Cause to effect
Time and money consuming
Hawthrone bias - behavior change under observation - yaar badal na jana
Natural history of case known
Temporal association and single exposure causing multiple disease also known as
95
Cross sectional study is?
Single snapshot study
NO FOLLOWUP
gives prevalence and distribution of study
No comment on natural history or temporal association of the disease
96
Retrospective Cohort study example?
History of exposure from factory records
97
Odds ratio is found in?
Case control study
Cross product ratio AD/BC
98
Relative risk is found in?
Cohort study
Incidence (exposed)/Incidence (non-exposed)
99
Types of random sampling?
Simple random
Systematic random
Stratified random
Cluster random
100
Types of non-random sampling?
Convenient sampling
Quota sampling
Snowball sampling
101
Step done after the study is done?
Stratification
102
103
Framingham study is?
Prospective cohort
104
Incidence can be calculated by?
Cohort study
105
Hospital patient admission rate differs in different hospitals with different diseases, which bias is it?
Berkesonian bias
106
Relative risk calculation is done for which study?
Cohort study
107
Immunization is which type of prevention?
Primary
108
All diagnostic and screening tests are what type of prevention?
Secondary
109
What is best for prevention of risk factor?
Primordial
110
Indicative of severity/lethality of disease?
Case fatality rate
111
Long term changes seen in a disease is which trend?
Secular trend
112
Sample registration system includes?
Crude birth rate
Rude death rate
Natural growth rate
Infant mortality rate
113
Yellow fever vaccine is valid for?
Life long
114
Prevalence is associated with?
Positive predictive value
115
BCG is diluted in?
Normal saline
116
In a baby on steroids, live vaccine can be given after?
4 weeks
117
Vaccine that's not contraindicated in pregnancy?
Yellow fever
118
Food poisoning is an example of?
Point source epidemic
119
Propagated source epidemic is?
P2P transmission
120
Common source epidemic is?
Multiple exposures
121
Diabetes, HTN or CAD screening should be started after what age?
45 years - secondary prevention
122
Neonatal tetanus prevention is best done by?
Tetanus toxoid - primary prevention
123
Only vaccine that's given to adults?
dT - diphtheria tetanus
124
Steps taken by medical officer in epidemic?
Diagnosis - confirm epidemic if it exists - find risk population -find no of cases - diagnosis and submit
125
General fertility rate is?
No of live birth per 1000 women in reproductive age group in a given year
126
General martial fertility rate is?
Number of live births per 1000 married women in reproductive age in a given year
127
Female reproductive age?
15-49
128
Gross reproduction rate is?
Average no of girls that would be born to a woman is she experiences current fertility pattern throughout her reproductive age
129
Total fertility rate is?
Average no of children a woman would have in her life span
130
Total marital fertility rate is?
Average no of children that would be born to a married woman in her reproductive age span
131
Recommend dose of rabies immunoglobulin in 4 month old child is?
20 IU/kg
132
What is measles vaccine dose?
0.5 cc
133
JE vaccine and rabies vaccine storage temperature and duration?
2-8' for 3 years
134
Varicella zoster vaccine is not given to?
Patients with varicella zoster infection, vaccine binds them
135
First case seen by investigator is?
Index case
136
First case seen in a community is?
Primary case
137
Point source epidemic characteristic?
Sharp rise and sharp fall in number of cases
138
Maternal mortality rate is expressed as?
Ratio per 100000 live births
139
Cohort study is associated with which causation?
Antecedent causation
140
Cross sectional study indicates?
Indicates prevalence
141
Cohort study can determine?
Incidence
Exposure
RR
142
Sensitivity of a test is used for?
Calculating true positive
143
Great divide year for population growth was?
1921
144
Vaccines contraindicated in pregnancy?
Measles
Rubella
BCG
145
Vaccine not contraindicated in pregnancy?
Tetanus
146
Newborn child with HIV+ and symptomatic, which vaccine is not given?
Live JE (all live vaccines)
147
Yellow fever vaccine becomes effective after how many days post vaccination?
10 days
148
Post exposure prophylaxis schedule of rabies vaccine in a previously immunized person?
Day 0, 3
149
Pre exposure prophylaxis schedule of rabies vaccine in a previously immunized person?
Day 0, 7, 28
150
Strain of varicella zoster vaccine is?
Oka
151
Strain of BCG vaccine is?
DANISH 1331
152
Strain of Anti-HIV
Ankara strar
153
JE strain
Nakayama strain
SA 14-14-2
154
Killed H1N1 strain
California strain
155
Strain of Measles
Edmonston strain
156
Strain of Mumps
Jeryll Lynn strain
157
Strain of rabies
Fixed viral strain
158
Strain of rubella
RA 27/3 strain
159
Strain of yellow fever
17 D strain
160
Reverse cold chain is used for?
Carrying stool samples of polio patients from PHC to lab
161
Which vaccine doesn't provide herd immunity?
Rabies
162
Naranjo algorithm is used for?
Calculating drug adverse effect
163
Specificity in Bradford hill criteria is?
Cause should be specific to the disease
164
Consistency in Bradford hill criteria is?
Same results when repeated in different locations
165
Temporal association in Bradford hill criteria is?
Cause present before outcome
166
Strength of association in Bradford hill criteria is?
High strength of association means more causality
167
Dose response relationship in Bradford hill criteria is?
Increased dose increased effect
168
Reversibility in Bradford hill criteria is?
Reversing cause changes outcome
169
Plausibility in Bradford hill criteria is?
Explaining the reason
170
Coherence in Bradford hill criteria is?
Does it fit with existing knowledge
171
Recall bias found in?
Case control study
172
Interviewer bias in?
Case control study - most attention to cases
173
Berkson's bias is?
when control are selected from hospital
174
Neyman bias is?
Previous incidence bias
175
Attrition bias is?
Loss of follow up
176
Hawthorne bias is?
People change behavior under observation
177
Lead time bias is?
Screening is confused with prolonged survival
178
Publication bias is?
Negative study not published
179
Selection bias is?
Controls are not representative of whole population
180
BMI formula?
Wt in kg/Ht in m
181
Skin fold thickness is measured by? and sites?
Herpendem caliper
4 sites: bicep, triceps - BEST, suprailiac and subscapular
182
Rule of halves only applies to?
HTN
183
MC cancer oral male?
Liporal
184
MC cancer female and overall?
Breast
185
90-70-90 rule applies to?
Cervical cancer
90% Vaccinate
70% Screening
90% Treatment
186
Male protein requirement?
54 g
187
Female protein requirement?
46 g
Pregnant 2nd trimester +9.5 g
Pregnant 3rd trimester +22 g
Lactating 0-6 m +17 g
Lactating 6+ m +13 g
188
Female calories requirement?
S = 1600
M = 2100
H = 2700
Pregnant 2&3 Trimester = +350
Lactating 0-6 m = +600
Lactating 6+ m = +520
189
Male calories requirement?
S = 2100
M = 2700
H = 3400
190
Reference Indian man measurements?
age 19-39
weight 65
height 1.77 m
BMI 20.75
191
Reference Indian woman measurements?
age 19-39
weight 55
height 1.62
BMI 20.95
192
Recommended dietary allowance RDA?
97.5%
Mean +2SD
Except energy
193
Male and female fiber requirement?
25-32-41-52
194
Estimated average requirement EAR?
which completes requirement of 50% of people
195
Test of milk before pasteurization?
Methylene blue test
196
Test of milk after pasteurization?
Phosphatase
Std plate count
Coliform count
197
What is max in human milk?
Lactose
198
Breast milk content in 100 ml?
Energy 65 kcal
Protein 1.1 g
199
Mineral requirement Male
Ca 1000 mg/d
Zinc 17 mg/d
Iodine 140 mcg/d
Iron 19 mg/d
Folate 300 mcg/d
A 1000 mcg/d
C 80 mg/d
D 600 IU/d
200
Mineral requirement Female
Ca 1000 mg/d
Zinc 13 mg/d
Iodine 140 mcg/d
Iron 29 mg/d
Folate 220 mcg/d
A 840 mcg/d
C 65 mg/d
D 600 IU/d
201
Mineral requirement pregnant Female
Ca 1000 mg/d
Zinc 14.5 mg/d
Iodine 220 mcg/d
Iron 27 mg/d
Folate 570 mcg/d
A 900 mcg/d
C 65+15 mg/d
D 600 IU/d
202
Mineral requirement lactating Female
Ca 1200 mg/d
Zinc 14 mg/d
Iodine 280 mcg/d
Iron 23 mg/d
Folate 330 mcg/d
A 950 mcg/d
C 65+50 mg/d
D 600 IU/d
203
Epidemic dropsy key word and toxin?
Mustard oil, limb swelling - sanguinarine
204
Epidemic dropsy test?
Nitric acid test MC
Paper chromatography Most specific
205
Endemic ascites toxin?
Pyrrolizidine, Millets mixed with crotalaria sees (jhunjhunia)
Tx deweeding
206
Ergotism toxin and solution?
Ergot fungus, 20% saline water floating
207
Toxin that causes liver cancer? and its prevention
Aflatoxin - groundnut/maize - store after drying only
208
Vit A def signs?
Bitot spot
Night blindness
Corneal xerosion
209
Vit B1 def signs, disease?
Beri Beri
In alcoholics causes wernikes encephalopathy, confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia
Most in Gingelly seeds
210
Vit B3 (niacin) def signs 4D, source and necklace?
Pellagra
Diarrhea
Dementia
Dermatitis
Death
Casals necklace - bilaterally sun exposed
211
Vit C deficiency causes? Was founded by?
Scurvy - bleeding gums
Found mostly in Amla
James Lind
212
Most sensitive iron form?
Serum ferritin
213
Most sensitive indicator of iodine def?
Neonatal hypothyroidism - surveillance used is urinary iodine excretion
214
Iodine at production and consumer level?
30 PPM and 15 PPM
215
Fluorine parameters
<0.5 ppm dental caries - best seen on incisors
>1.5 ppm fluorosis
3-6 ppm skeletal fluorosis
216
Technique used to remove Fluorine from water?
Nalgonda technique, add lime and alum
developed by NERI
217
Zinc def causes?
Dermatitis
Alopecia
Diarrhea
Peri-orifical
218
Growth rate parameters
CBR-CDR/10
0.5% means population double in 140 years
1% means population double in 70 years
2% means population double in 35 years
219
First census held in India generally?
1881
220
Chaya tablet contains?
Ormeloxifene
30 mg twice a week for 3 months
then once a week
221
OCP contains?
EE 0.03 mg
LNG 0.15 mg
21 days
222
Antara contraceptive how is it given?
IM 150 mg
repeat after 3 months
can take 15 days before and 30 days after
223
Maternal mortality rate denominator?
Women of reproductive age
224
Maternal mortality ratio denominator?
Live birth
225
IFA tablet during pregnancy contains?
Iron = 600 mg
FA = 500 mg
given once daily for 6 m before and 6 m after delivery
226
Td dose for pregnant woman?
2 doses 4 weeks apart
or booster dose if pregnancy after 3 years
227
Min pregnancy visits?
4 min GOI
8 min WHO (new)
4 min (old)
228
Mid upper arm circumference is measured by? age group? and parameters?
Shakiro's tape, for 6-59 m
11.5 or lower SAM
11.5-12.5 MAM
12.5 and above normal
229
Growth chart was made by?
David morley
230
Type of growth chart?
By WHO - percentile
By ICDS - z-score
231
Horrocks apparatus used for?
Estimate chlorine demand
has 6 white and 1 black cup
uses starch iodide
232
Kyoto protocol used for?
Green house protocol
233
8 components of AQI
NO2, SO2, Co, Pb, O3, NH3, PM10 and PM2.5
234
Kata thermometer is used for measuring?
Cooling power of air, low air velocity
235
Sling psychrometer is used for measuring?
Relative humidity
236
Globe thermometer is used for measuring?
Heat stress
237
Anemometer is used for measuring?
Wind velocity
238
Which is the most insanitary waste disposal?
Dumping
239
Best waste disposal for small camping?
Burial
240
Controlled tipping or sanitary landfill types?
Ramp
Area
Trench - 1 acre for 10k people
241
Type of composting?
Mechanical and Banglore
242
Anopheles eggs description?
Lays single egg, boat shaped
243
Aedes eggs description?
Cigar shaped single
244
Culex eggs description?
Group Raft shaped
245
Mansonia eggs description?
Cluster eggs
246
Siphon tube is absent in which mosquito?
Anopheles
247
Siphon tube is present in which mosquito?
Aedes, Mansonia, Culex
248
Disease, breeding environment, and appearance of Anopheles.
Malaria, Clean water, sits on an angle
249
Disease, breeding environment, and appearance of Culex.
JE & Filaria, Dirty water, hunchback appearence
250
Disease, breeding environment, and appearance of Aedes.
Dengue, Chikengunya, Yellow fever, Zika
Artificial water collection
Tiger like spots
251
Disease, breeding environment of Mansonia.
Filaria, Aquatic plants.
252
Kala-azar caused by which organism, and its physical features?
Sandfly, Long legs, laneclot wings and hairy body
Anil kapoor of insects
253
Plague and endemic typhus are caused by which organism?
Rat flea -- long back legs for jumping, no neck and wings
254
Scrub typhus is caused by which organism?
Berry bug - teej/Trombiculid mite
255
Scabies is caused by which organism?
Itch mite, tortoise shaped
256
Where is Residual spray for mosquitoes used?
Indoor
257
What is discarded in blue category container?
Broken glass, body implants, empty vials non-cytotoxic
258
Where is Space spray for mosquitoes used?
Fogging, outdoor
259
What is Pneuconiosis?
Lung disease caused by dust
260
Sugarcane dust causes?
Baggasosis
Thermoactinomyces saccri
261
Moldy hay causes?
Farmer's lung
Microspolyspora faeni
262
Compost causes?
Compost lung
Aspergillosis
263
Factories act pneumonic?
1000-500-250-30
264
ESI act pneumonic?
70-80-90-100
265
Incubation period is?
Entry to first sign/symptom
266
Serial interval is?
Time between primary and secondary case
267
Generation time is?
Time between entry to max infectivity
268
Communicable period is?
Time between which disease can be transferred
269
Window period is?
Entry of organism to lab detection
270
Live vaccine pneumonic?
ENJOY Big Meal Party Rest in Van
Epidemic typhus
Nasal influenza
JE
OPV
Yellow fever
BCG
Measels, Mumps
Plague
Rota, Rubella
Varicella
271
Killed vaccine pneumonic?
A TRIP To Jaipur
Hep A
Tick borne typhus
Rabies
Influenza, IPU
Pertussis
Typhoid
JE
272
Toxoid vaccines are?
TT
Diptheria
273
Polysaccharide vaccines are?
Meningo, pneumo, typhoid
274
Recombinant vaccines are?
Hep-B
HPV
Cholera
275
Vaccines given at birth?
BOB
BCG, OPV, Hep B
276
Vaccines given at 6 weeks?
PORIP
Penta, OPV, Rota, IPV, PCV
277
Vaccines given at 10 weeks?
POR
Penta, OPV, Rota
278
Vaccines given at 14 weeks?
PORIP
Penta, OPV, Rota, IPV, PCV
279
Vaccines given at 9 months?
MJ-VIP
MR, JE, Vit-A, IPV, PCV
280
Vaccines given at 16-24 months?
MJ-DO
MD, JE, DPT, OPV
281
Vaccines given at 5 years?
DPT, OPV
282
Vaccines given at 10 & 15 years?
Td
283
Vaccines given to pregnant female?
Td
284
Vaccines not reused?
BCG, measles and COVID
285
Shake test is used for?
Freeze damaged vaccine
286
Mono resistance is?
Resistance to any 1st line except Rifampicin
287
Poly drug resistance is?
Resistance to more than one 1st line except Rifampicin
288
Multi-drug resistance is?
Resistance to H&R
289
Pre-extensive drug resistance is?
Resistance to H&R + any 1 FQ
290
Extensive drug resistance is?
Resistance to H&R + any 1 FQ + any group A (bedaquiline and linezolid)
291
MDR TB treatment scheme?
BPaLM
Bedauiline
Protionamide
Linezolid
Moxifloxacin
292
Pre-XDA TB treatment scheme?
BPaL
293
Diseases under NVBDCP
Malaria
Dengue
Kala-azar - sand fly
Chikungunaya
JE
Filariasis
294
P. Vivax Tx
CQ 3 days + PQ 14 days daily
25 mg/kg -- 0.25 mg/kg
295
P. falciparum Tx
Northeast: ACT-AL
Other than northeast: ACT-SP
296
