PSIO Lab 4.1 Flashcards
Key regulator of homeostasis
The nervous system
What are the two main branches of the nervous system?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Fight or flight
sympathetic
Rest and digest
parasympathetic
Central nervous system is composed of…?
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system have what kind of neurons?
Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons
Which branches or the nervous system are under voluntary control?
The somatic nervous system which is under the peripheral nervous system.
Which branches of the nervous system are under voluntary control?
The somatic nervous system which is under the peripheral nervous system.
How does the nervous system sense our environment, integrate information, and elicit a response?
Through reflex arcs
What are neurons?
Cells that conduct action potentials. They are the structural and functional units of nervous tissue.
What are unipolar neurons?
Neurons where the axon comes out of one side of the cell body (afferent)
What are bipolar neurons?
Neurons where the axon comes out of two sides of the cell body (afferent)
What are multipolar neurons?
Neurons where the axon comes of multiple places (afferent and efferent)
What are neuroglia?
Cells that support, protect, and provide nutrients to neurons and augment the speed of neuron transmission
What are the specific neuroglia of the CNS?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
What do astrocytes do?
Maintains environemtn around neurons, keeps neurons in place, and forms the blood brain barrier. These cells are star-shaped
What do oligodendrocytes do?
Forms myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS with its many processes.
What do microglia’s do?
Engulfs invading microbes, debris, and necrotic tissue
What do ependymal cells do?
Forms and circulates cerebrospinal fluid. Lines the 4 ventricles of the brain and central canal
What are the specific neuroglia of the PNS?
Satellite cells and schwann cells
What do satellite cells do?
Support PNS neurons and regulate their chemical environment. Cover sensory neuron cell bodies
What do satellite cells do?
Support PNS neurons and regulate their chemical environment. Cover sensory neuron cell bodies
What do schwann cells do?
Forms myelin sheath on axons in the PNS. Each schwann cell creates one section of myelin sheath by wrapping around itself.
What are the 4 principal regions that constitute a complete brain?
Brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
What are the 3 specific regions of the brainstem?
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
What are functions of the cerebellum?
- Smooths and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles
- Regulates posture and balance
What are the 3 specific regions of the diencephalon?
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, epithalamus
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
- Perception of sensory information
- Voluntary movements
- Association areas for memory, personality, and intelligence
What are the specific regions of the cerebrum?
Cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei (ganglia)
Gyrus
A ridge or fold on the surface of the brain
Sulcus
A groove, furrow, or trench
Fissure
A deep furrow, groove or trench
Motor function area of the cerebrum
Initiate impulses to skeletal muscles
Sensory functional area of the cerebrum
Receive and interpret impulses from sensory receptors
What are association areas?
Are found in between functional areas of the brain and are responsible for the complex integration of brain functions
Primary somatosensory cortex
Receives tactile information from the body
Somatosensory association area
Allows you to recognize objects by touch
Primary motor cortex
Initiates the voluntary movement of your skeletal muscles
Motor association area
Allows for the coordination of complex movement
Primary auditory cortex
Detects sound
Auditory association area
Process auditory information
Primary visual cortex
Involved in the detection of simple visual stimuli
Visual association area
Process visual information
Broca’s Area
- Motor speech area
- Helps in movements required to produce speech
Wernicke’s Area
- A sensory area
- Helps in understanding speech and using correct words to express our thoughts
