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PSIO 201 > PSIO 201 Exam 3 > Flashcards

PSIO 201 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are gap junctions important?

A

They allow the cells to contract in a coordinated fashion

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2
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

A site where a nerve fiber communicates with a muscle fiber

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3
Q

In the heart, what triggers the wave of electrical excitation that causes the heart to contract?

A

Pacemaker

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4
Q

When acetylcholine binds to its receptors on the motor end plate, an ion channel opens & what ions diffuse quickly into the muscle cell?

A

Sodium

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5
Q

What is the process by which action potentials of a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber called?

A

Excitation

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6
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

The neurotransmitter released at a neuromuscular junction

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7
Q

Temporal summation leads to a state of fluttering contraction known as what?

A

Incomplete tetanus

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8
Q

All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber constitute what?

A

Muscle unit

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9
Q

What is the indented region of the sarcolemma that participates in the neuromuscular junction called?

A

Motor end plate

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10
Q

Muscles with what fascicle arrangement produce the strongest contractions?

A

Pennate

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11
Q

What is the immediate trigger for the contraction of smooth muscle?

A

Calcium ions

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12
Q

What fascicle arrangement produces the weakest muscle?

A

Circular

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13
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

A

The events that link the action potential of the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament contraction

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14
Q

What are the alternating light and dark bands in skeletal muscle?

A

Striations

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15
Q

What refers to the bundles of muscle fibers, wrapped in connective tissue, within a muscle?

A

Fascicles

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16
Q

The synaptic knob does not touch the muscle fiber but is separated by what structure?

A

Synaptic cleft

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17
Q

Within a synapse, a neuron ends in a swelling called what?

A

Axon terminal

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18
Q

What fibers do skeletal muscles contain?

A

Slow oxidative & fast glycolytic

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19
Q

A muscle shortens as it maintains tension in a what type of contraction?

A

Concentric

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20
Q

The thickened notched ends of cardiac muscle cells which contain gap junctions are called what?

A

Intercalated discs

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21
Q

What is calmodulin?

A

A protein that replaces troponin in smooth muscle cells

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22
Q

In smooth muscle, which protein does calcium bind to?

A

Calmodulin

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23
Q

On a myogram, the time between the stimulus & the twitch is known as what?

A

Latent period

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24
Q

What is the type of muscle contraction in which there is a change in length, but no change in tension?

A

Isotonic

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25
Q

What is a quick cycle of contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached?

A

Twitch

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26
Q

The autonomic nervous system is important in the control of which 2 types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth & cardiac

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27
Q

Action potentials spread across the sarcolemma & continue down which structures into the sarcoplasm?

A

T tubules

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28
Q

What occurs during the contraction phase of a muscle twitch?

A

It generates tension, pulling on its attachments

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29
Q

During which phase of muscle contraction is calcium transported back into the cisternae & tropomyosin moves back to block the actin active sites?

A

Relaxation

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30
Q

What is a starch-like carbohydrate that provides energy during intense exercise in muscle cells?

A

Glycogen

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31
Q

What affects the strength of a muscle twitch?

A

How stretched the muscle was before stimulation

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32
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscle?

A

Regulate pupil diameter, move material through the digestive tract, & constrict or dilate blood vessels to control blood pressure

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33
Q

In an NMJ, after acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft, where does it bind to ligand-gated channels?

A

On the sarcolemma

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34
Q

Regarding skeletal muscle contraction, what is excitation?

A

The process by which action potentials in a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in a muscle fiber

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35
Q

What describes cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Striated, usually uninucleate, branching

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36
Q

What fibers are adapted for a quick response?

A

Fast glycolytic

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37
Q

At the synaptic knob of the motor neuron, calcium stimulates exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles to release what neurotransmitter into the synapse?

A

Acetylcholine

38
Q

What occurs during the relaxation phase of a myogram?

A

Muscle tension declines

39
Q

What is the muscle tissue that is typically slow to contract & slow to relax?

A

Smooth

40
Q

A synapse is the point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, what is this type of synapse called?

A

Neuromuscular junction

41
Q

Which protein makes up the thick filaments of a myofibril?

A

Myosin

42
Q

Which tissue can propel content of a digestive organ?

A

Smooth muscle

43
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Resistant to fatigue, contract with regular rhythm, contract nearly in unison

44
Q

What is the 5th step of muscle relaxation?

A

Tropomyosin covers the myosin binding sites

45
Q

During relaxation, where is calcium actively pumped back into?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

46
Q

What type of contraction involves the development of tension but no change in length?

A

Isometric

47
Q

What is a sustained contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached?

A

Tetany

48
Q

What is true of endurance exercise?

A

It increases oxygen transport in the blood

49
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

A connective tissue sheath bundling many muscle fibers into a fascicle

50
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are considered what because they contract rhythmically & independently?

A

Autorhythmic

51
Q

What produces incomplete tetanus?

A

Temporal summation

52
Q

What are fibers that are well adapted to anaerobic respiration called?

A

Fast-twitch

53
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

Rich in myoglobin, large stores of glycogen, & uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively

54
Q

In smooth muscle cells, what binds the dense bodies to the membrane?

A

Intermediate filaments

55
Q

Within skeletal muscle cells, what extends from one Z disc to the next & constitutes one contractile unit?

A

Sarcomere

56
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

57
Q

In flexing the elbow, what is the prime mover?

A

Brachialis

58
Q

What type of tension develops during the latent period of muscle contraction?

A

Internal

59
Q

The movement of an object or load results from the development of what kind of tension?

A

External

60
Q

In what condition are stimuli are so frequent that the muscle cannot relax, & the muscle twitches fuse into a smooth prolonged contraction?

A

Tetanus

61
Q

What fibers contain a fast-acting ATPase & phosphagen enzymes?

A

Fast-twitch

62
Q

When a nerve signal arrives at a synaptic knob, which voltage-gated channels open in the knob?

A

Calcium

63
Q

What is not naturally seen in the muscles of the body?

A

Complete tetanus

64
Q

When lifting something heavy, which type of contraction occurs first?

A

Isometric

65
Q

During relaxation, active-transport pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum move which ion from the sarcoplasm into the cisternae?

A

Calcium

66
Q

Which phase of contraction links the action potential in the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament?

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

67
Q

What occurs when calcium binds to troponin?

A

The troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape & exposes the myosin binding sites (active sites)

68
Q

What describes the endomysium?

A

A loose connective tissue layer that surrounds each individual muscle cell

69
Q

What structures coordinate contraction in cardiac muscle cells?

A

Gap junctions

70
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

In the heart wall

71
Q

Which muscle tissue is rich in myoglobin, mitochondria, glycogen, & uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively for its energy needs?

A

Cardiac

72
Q

What must occur before tropomyosin can shift, revealing the active sites that allow myosin heads to bind to the actin filaments?

A

Calcium must bind to troponin

73
Q

Fatigue resistance is improved by what type of exercise that enhances the delivery & use of oxygen?

A

Endurance

74
Q

What is the 2nd step of muscle relaxation?

A

AChE breaks down ACh down

75
Q

Stimulus frequency affects the sarcoplasmic concentration of what?

A

Calcium

76
Q

What is the red pigment that stores oxygen needed for muscular activity in muscle cells called?

A

Myoglobin

77
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Heat production, blood sugar regulation, control of body openings & passages, movement, joint stability

78
Q

What are connective tissue structures that attach bone to muscle called?

A

Tendons

79
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue is autorhythmic but what can increase or decrease the heart rate & contraction strength?

A

Autonomic nervous system

80
Q

What is the 1st step of muscle relaxation?

A

The nerve signal ceases

81
Q

What regulatory protein is associated with the thick filament of smooth muscle & activates myosin light-chain kinase?

A

Calmodulin

82
Q

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?

A

It breaks down ACh, ending muscle stimulation

83
Q

What is the 3rd step of muscle relaxation?

A

Active transport pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum begin to pump calcium back into the cisternae

84
Q

What is another term for prime mover?

A

Agonist

85
Q

What are the pockets of sarcolemma smooth muscle cells that contain calcium channels?

A

Caveolae

86
Q

On a myogram, how does the relaxation phase compare to the contraction phase?

A

The relaxation phase is longer

87
Q

What is the 4th step of muscle relaxation?

A

Calcium releases from troponin

88
Q

What are slow-twitch fibers also known as?

A

Red fibers

89
Q

What are fibers that are well adapted to aerobic respiration called?

A

Slow-twitch

90
Q

What is the continuous forceful contraction in a muscle with no relaxation between stimuli?

A

Complete (fused) tetanus

91
Q

What does skeletal muscle contraction help produce?

A

Body heat

92
Q

What explains why cardiac muscle is resistant to fatigue?

A

Cardiac muscle uses little anaerobic fermentation

PSIO 201 (1 decks)

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