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Social Psychology 261 > PS261 Exam Three (Chapters 10, 11, 13, SPA-3) > Flashcards

PS261 Exam Three (Chapters 10, 11, 13, SPA-3) Flashcards

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1
Q

propinquity effect

A

the finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends

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2
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it

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3
Q

evolutionary approach to mate selection

A

a theory derived from evolutionary biology that holds that men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other (men are attracted by women’s appearance’ women are attracted by men’s resources) because this maximizes their chances of reproductive success

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4
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection

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5
Q

companionate love

A

the feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal

high intimacy and commitment but not much passion

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6
Q

consummate/ passionate love

A

an intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy

high levels of passion, intimacy, and commitment

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7
Q

attachment styles

A

the expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants

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8
Q

secure attachment style

A

an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned , and the view that one is worthy and well liked

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9
Q

avoidant attachment

A

an attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs because attempts to be intimate have bene rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships

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10
Q

anxious/ ambivalent attachment style

A

an attachment style characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety

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11
Q

social exchange theory

A

the idea that people’s feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else

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12
Q

comparison level

A

people’s expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship

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13
Q

comparison level for alternatives

A

people’s expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in an alternative relationship

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14
Q

investment model

A

the theory that people’s commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship in terms of rewards, costs, and comparison level and their comparison level for alternatives, but also on how much they have invested int he relationship that would be lost by leaving it

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15
Q

equity theory

A

the idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal

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16
Q

exchange relationships

A

relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e., for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)

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17
Q

communal relationships

A

relationships in which people’s primary concern is being responsive to the other person’s needs

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18
Q

prosocial behavior

A

any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

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19
Q

altruism

A

the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper

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20
Q

kin selection

A

the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection

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21
Q

norm of reciprocity

A

the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

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22
Q

empathy

A

the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them

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23
Q

empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

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24
Q

altruistic personality

A

the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations

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25
Q

in-group

A

the group with which an individual identifies as a member

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26
Q

out-group

A

any group with which an individual does not identify

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27
Q

urban overload hypothesis

A

the theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it

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28
Q

bystander effect

A

the finding that the greater number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help

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29
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

the case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not

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30
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

the phenomenon wherein each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases

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31
Q

prejudice

A

a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group

32
Q

stereotype

A

a generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the member

33
Q

illusory correlation

A

the tendency to see relationships, or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated

34
Q

discrimination

A

unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group solely because of his or her membership that group

35
Q

modern racism

A

outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes

36
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

the case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people’s original expectations, making the expectations come true

37
Q

stereotype threat

A

the apprehension experience by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype

38
Q

institutional discrimination

A

practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice

39
Q

institutionalized racism

A

racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm

40
Q

institutionalized socialism

A

sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm

41
Q

normative conformity

A

the tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group’s expectations and gain acceptance

42
Q

out-group homogeneity

A

the perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other than they really are, as well as more similar than members of the in-group are

43
Q

ultimate attribution error

A

the tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people

44
Q

blaming the victim

A

the tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place

45
Q

realistic conflict theory

A

the idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination

46
Q

scapegoating

A

the tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless

47
Q

mutual interdependence

A

the situation that exists when two or more groups need to depend on one another to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them

48
Q

jigsaw classroom

A

a classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class

49
Q

acquisition

A

the process by which people notice and pay attention to information in the environment; because people cannot perceive everything that is happening around them, they acquire only a subset of the information available

50
Q

storage

A

the process by which people store in memory information they have acquired from the environment

51
Q

retrieval

A

the process by which people recall information stored in their memories

52
Q

own-race bias

A

the fact that people are better at recognizing faces of their own race than those of other races

53
Q

reconstructive memory

A

the process whereby memories of an event become distorted by information encountered after the event occurred

54
Q

source monitoring

A

the process whereby people try to identify the source of their memories

55
Q

polygraph

A

a machine that measures people’s physiological responses (e.g., heart rate) while answering an operator’s questions, to determine truth or deception

56
Q

recovered memories

A

recollections of a past event, such as sexual abuse, that have been forgotten or repressed

57
Q

false memory syndrome

A

remembering a past traumatic experience that is objectively false but is nevertheless accepted by the person as true

58
Q

child eyewitness testimony

A

toddlers (< age 3) less credible, more credible by age 6. age 12 = max credibility

  • children can be more accurate than adults
  • memory can’t be tainted by leading questions
59
Q

juries

A

twelve heads are better than six; more likely minority members will be represented/ would have ally in larger group

60
Q

story order

A

lawyer presents to jury in order of the sequence of events

61
Q

witness order

A

lawyer presents to jury in order of witnesses they feel will have biggest impact

62
Q

eyewitness testimony

A

jurors rely heavily, overestimate accuracy

63
Q

accurate eyewitnesses

A

must complete three stages of memory processing:
actual events – acquisition – storage – retrieval

*verbalization hinders recall

64
Q

own-race bias

A

people are better at recognizing faces of their own (vs. different) race

65
Q

own-age bias

A

people are better at recognizing faces of their own (vs. different) age

66
Q

what attracts us to others?

A

familiarity, similar personalities, interests, and experiences

67
Q

propinquity…

A

increases familiarity which leads to liking, but similarity is needed to fuel a growing friendship or romantic relationship
(similar levels of intelligence, social class, religious beliefs, attractiveness, ethnicity, etc)

68
Q

reciprocal liking

A

just knowing that someone likes us fuels our attraction to the person
people with a negative self-concept would rather talk to someone they know has criticized them earlier

69
Q

mate selection

A

short term relationships seem to be influenced by fertility more than long-term relationships

70
Q

sternberg’s triangular theory of love

A

based upon the strength of passion, intimacy, and commitment

71
Q

culture and love

A

marrying for love most important in Western/ Westernized countries and of least importance in less developed Eastern countries

72
Q

inequitable relationships

A

result in one person feeling overbenefited or underbenefited

73
Q

validating style of marriage (support/ negotiate)

A

couples compromise often and calmly work out problems to mutual satisfaction

74
Q

volatile (passionate) style of marriage

A

conflict erupts often, resulting in passionate disputes; see each other as equals

75
Q

avoidant (minimize) style of marriage

A

couples agree to disagree, rarely confronting their differences head-on

76
Q

negative-state relief hypothesis

A

human beings have an innate drive to reduce negative moods. They can be reduced by engaging in any mood-elevating behavior, including helping behavior, as it is paired with positive value such as smiles and thank you. Thus negative mood increases helpfulness because helping others can reduce one’s own bad feelings

Social Psychology 261 (3 decks)

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