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PS101 Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of mind and behavior

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2
Q

Behavior

A

actions and responses directly observable and measurable
(Observable)

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3
Q

Main Goals in Psychology

A

-describe
-explain/understand
-predict
-control
-influencece/apply

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4
Q

What is critical thinking?

A
  1. Taking an ACTIVE ROLE in the world around us
  2. EVALUATING THE VALIDITY of information presented to us as fact
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5
Q

2 types of research?

A

Basic – knowledge purely for its own sake
Applied – research
designed to solve a specific problem

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6
Q

Psychology is a multi factorial science formed by

A

-Learning Experiences
-Mental State
-Biological Make up
-Cultural Biases

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7
Q

Who is the Father of Psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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8
Q

What is structuralism & who founded it?

A

Introspection; Analyzies the elements of mental experiences, such as sensations and mental images.
EX: Describing your experience at the ocean by saying it is windy, salty, and cold
Edward Titchener

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9
Q

What is functionalism & who founded it?

A

The mind is a functional tool that allows us to adapt to our environments
William James

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10
Q

Why do structuralists ask “HOW?

A

Structuralists are interested in learning about HOW different thoughts/behaviors occur
EX: structuralist might ask, HOW do I fall asleep? HOW do I grab my coffee? And then identify brain structures and muscles associated with those behaviors.

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11
Q

Why do functionalists ask “WHY”?

A

Functionalists questioned WHY we behave and think the way we do.
A functionalist might ask WHY do humans experience jealousy? Why is this experience advantageous?

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12
Q

Who came up with the psychodynamic perspective

A

Sigmund Freud

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13
Q

What is psychodynamic perspective?

A
  1. Internal and unconscious psychological forces
  2. Unresolved conflicts from the past
    EX: Ego, wish fulfillment, psychosomatic disorders (mental disorders leading to physical symptoms with no medical explanation), defense mechanisms, repressed memories, free association)
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14
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

analysis of the internal and unconscious, complex psychological forces.
- Theory, Diagnosis, Treatment

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15
Q

What was Freuds premise?

A

-Psychodynamic Perspective
1.Human beings have powerful inborn aggressive and sexual drives (Internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces)
2. Adult personality is determined by childhood experiences (Unresolved conflicts from the past)

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16
Q

Defense Mechanisms are formed from…

A

-Psychodynamic Perspective
(EX: Ego, wish fulfillment, psychosomatic disorders (mental disorders leading to physical symptoms with no medical explanation), defense mechanisms, repressed memories, free association)

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17
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

-Behavior caused by external environment
-Knowledge is gained Empirically
-Info learned from experience, knowledge gained through senses

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18
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

-John Locke (empiricism)
-When people are born, their minds are effectively a blank slate, so their experiences make them who they are.

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19
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

-Leaning based on associations between events
-Involuntary & automatic (ex: flinching to a gun)

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20
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

-Father of Classical Conditioning

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21
Q

Who is Edward Thorndike?

A

-Thorndike’s Law of Effect
-behaviors followed by a reward or reinforcement are more likely in the future, whereas behaviors followed by a punishment are less likely in the future.

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22
Q

Who is John Watson?

A

only subject matter that counts is observable behavior

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23
Q

Who is BF Skinner?

A

-Operant Conditioning: learning based on consequences of actions
-a form of learning in which the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated
-Skinner used a hungry rat in a Skinner box to show how positive reinforcement works.

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24
Q

What is the Humanist Perspective

A

Focuses on the positive image of what it means to be human.
-Emphasizes:
-Free will
-Innate human tendency toward growth
-The attempt to find meaning in one’s existence
-Conscious awareness

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25
Q

Who is Abraham Maslow?

A

-Self Actualization = Needs Hierarchy
-Humanists started the process of psychotherapy
-Stimulated research on the topic of self-concept

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26
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

-Concerned with HOW we think
-Investigation of perception, problem solving, intelligence

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27
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

-Gestalt theory emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts
-Gestalt is a holistic process. It regards the individual as a totality of mind, body, emotions and spirit who experiences reality in a way unique to themselves.

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28
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

The study of how the brain enables the mind.

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29
Q

What is Sociocultural Perspective?

A

-Investigates how social environment and cultural learning influence thoughts and behaviors
-Emphasizes how environment and cultural learning affect behavior, thoughts, and feelings

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30
Q

Social norms

A

-Rules for acceptable and expected behavior for members of the group or within the group
-Can specify appropriate behavior based on gender

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31
Q

What is socialization?

A

-The process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them

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32
Q

What is Cross-Culture Psychology?

A

-Explores the similarities and differences in thinking and behavior between individuals from different cultures
-Different ideals
-Individualism, Collectivism

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33
Q

What is the Biological Perspective?

A

-Examines biological influences on behavior, including brain, hormonal, genetic, and evolutionary processes

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34
Q

Who is Karl Lashley?

A

-His research led to Brain Mapping
-Lashley would surgically destroy (lesion)

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35
Q

What is Neurotransmitters?

A

-Brain chemicals that allow neural communication and cause action

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35
Q

Who is Donald Hebb?

A

-His research led to discovery of Neurotransmitters

36
Q

What is behavioral genetic research?

A

-Examines how behavioral tendencies are influenced by genetic factors
-Identical twins are 100% carbon copies of each other at birth, but environmental factors will exert influence eventually

37
Q

What are neurons?

A

-Basic building blocks of the nervous system
-Generate electrical activity, communicate with muscles, glands, other neurons

38
Q

What are the 4 Main Parts of Neuron?

A

-Cell body (soma)
-Dendrites
-Axon (Axon terminals)
-Myelin (most neurons have this)

39
Q

What are Glial Cells?

A
  • A type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment
40
Q

What does the Myelin do?

A

-Speed up chemical communication between neurons

41
Q

What is myelination?

A

-the change or maturation of certain nerve cells whereby a layer of myelin forms around the axons which allows the nerve impulses to travel faster
-Occurs after you are born
-This increases continuously from when you are born to when its developed

42
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The places where neurons connect and communicate with each other

43
Q

What are the Chemical Communication/Synaptic Transmission Stages?

A
  1. Synthesis: Neurotransmitters manufactured inside the neuron
    Storage: Neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles
  2. Release: Action potential leads to movement of vesicles to axon terminal surface and release of neurotransmitters
  3. Binding: Neurotransmitters bind themselves to sites on receiving (postsynaptic) neuron’s membrane
  4. Deactivation:
    A)
    Reuptake: gets sucked back up into the presynaptic neuron to be used later (recycling!)
    B)
    Breakdown: another chemical comes in and breaks down neurotransmitter
44
Q

What is Acetylcholine (Ach)?
Too much/too little?

A

-Long term memory processes, present at junction of every motor neuron
-Too little: Alzheimer’s disease,
blocking ach causes muscles can’t move
(botox)
-Too much: Spasm → too much muscle contraction

45
Q

What is serotonin?
Too much/too little?

A

-Mood regulation, drives (hunger, sleep, sex, thirst) “Appetites”
-Too little: Lack of appetite Depression/Antidepressants

46
Q

What is Dopamine?
Too much/too little?

A

-Pleasure experience, large muscle motor movement, working memory
-Cocaine and Marijuana affect dopamine levels
-Too little: Parkinson’s Disease
-Too much: Schizophrenia

47
Q

What is Norepinephrine?
Too much/too little?

A

-Effects attention, fight or flight, mood
-Too little: ADHD – Medications adjust norepinephrine levels
-Too much: anxiety, high blood pressure and heart rate,

48
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

The brain and spinal cord

49
Q

Peripheral Nervous System:

A

-Nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord

49
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

-Sensory: Carry input messages from sense organs to spinal cord and brain
-Motor neurons: Transmit messages from brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs
-Interneurons: Connective and associate functions and make mental functions, emotions, and behavior possible

50
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

-Voluntary movements

51
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (2 parts)

A

-Dual system
-Sympathetic: Activation or arousal function, fight or flight response
-Inhale
-Parasympathetic: Slows down body processes; maintains calm
-Exhale

52
Q

Methods for studying the brain

A

-Observation
-Destruction and stimulation
-Neuropsychological tests
-Electrical recording (e.g. EEG)
-Brain imaging

53
Q

What are CT Scans?

A

-Clear images of brain structures,

54
Q

What are PET Scans?

A

-Positron Emission Tomography
-Produces an image of the brain’s activity after radioactive material is injected into the brain

55
Q

What are MRI scans?

A

-Can study both structures and activity

56
Q

What are fMRI scans?

A

-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
-Shows how different parts of your brain are working
-very fast

57
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

-Important in vital body functions:
heartbeat, breathing, blinking
-Decussation (left-right crossover)

58
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

-Carries nerve impulses between higher and lower levels of the nervous system

59
Q

What is the function of the Reticular Activating System?

A

-Attention
-Arousal
-Filters incoming info
-Relays sensory info to other brain areas

60
Q

Whats the brain stem?

A

-Medulla
-Pons
Reticular Activating System Cerebellum

61
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

-Muscular movement coordination
-Learning and memory

62
Q

What is the function of thalamus?

A

-Organizes input from senses and sends to brain
-Sensory Switchboard

63
Q

What is GABA?

A

-Gamma-aminobutyric acid
-40% of your neurons
-Involved a LOT in movement
-Released in antidepressants to create calming and relaxing feeling

63
Q

Whats the midbrain?

A

-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus
-Limbic System: Amygdala & Hippocampus

64
Q

What is the function of hypothalamus?

A

-Regulates appetites/drives
-Role in motivation and emotion (Serotonin)
-(hunger, thirst, sleep, sex)

65
Q

What is the function of hippocampus?

A

-Involved in forming, retrieving memories

65
Q

What is the function of amygdala?

A

-Organizes motivational and emotional responses
-Picks up social cues from others and helps determine intent

66
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus and amygdala

67
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex? (4)

A

-Frontal
-Parietal
-Temporal
-Occipital

68
Q

What is the frontal lobe function?

A

-CEO
-Executive Functions
-Broca’s Area (speech production)
-Motor Cortex (how you move)
-Association Cortex
-personality changes, difficulty concentrating or planning, and impulsivity (Phineas Gage)

69
Q

What is the parietal lobe function?

A

-Sensory cortex ( touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain)
L – language
R – visuospatial, geometry, music

70
Q

What is the temporal lobe function?

A

-Auditory Cortex
L – Wernicke’s area: speech understanding
R – Face and object recognition

71
Q

What is the occipital lobe function?

A

-Vision
-Primary Visual Cortex

72
Q

Left hemisphere of the brain function?

A

-Controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.

73
Q

Right hemisphere of the brain function?

A

-Controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills

74
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

-Structure that connects hemispheres and allows communication between them
-Exchange information between the two hemispheres
-A large set of myelinated axons connecting the right and left hemispheres

75
Q

What is Lateralization?

A

-A functional dominance of one hemisphere over the other, in which one is more responsible or entirely responsible for control of a function in comparison to the other

76
Q

Split Brain Studies?

A

-Investigations on split-brain patients, people whose left and right brains lack the normal connections between them. These people sometimes exhibit brain-side dominance, but they also display a range of distinctive behaviors from only one side or the other.

77
Q

William James

A

functionalism

78
Q

Sigmund freud

A

psychodynamic

79
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

structuralism

80
Q

John Watson

A

behavioral

81
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

behavioral

82
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

behavioral

83
Q

B.F Skinner

A

behavioral/ operant conditioning process

84
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

humanist

85
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanist/self actualization

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