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UNIT 2 PS AND CR (CHAP 8)FINALS > PS AND CR > Flashcards

PS AND CR Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy?

A

ability to do work

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2
Q

what are the two law of thermodynamics?

A

first law- energy is neither created nor destroyed-it is only transformed.
second law-energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.

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3
Q

what is thermodynamics?

A

study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

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4
Q

define autotrophs.

A

organisms that can produce their own food.

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5
Q

define heterotrophs.

A

organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. (other food consumers)

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6
Q

what is metabolism?

A

all of the chemical reactions in a cell

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7
Q

define photosynthesis.

A

light energy (sun) converted into chemical energy (glucose).

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8
Q

what type of reaction is hypothesis?

A

anabolic

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9
Q

where does photosynthesis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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10
Q

define cellular respiration.

A

organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell

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11
Q

cellular respiration is an example of ____ reaction..

A

catabolic

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12
Q

where does cellular respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

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13
Q

what is ATP?

A

releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken.

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14
Q

ATP stands for…

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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15
Q

what is ADP?

A

product of atp discharge

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16
Q

describe the flashlight analogy.

A

chemical energy in the batteries —> electrical energy —> light energy.
*chemical energy in batteries is stored in bonds that hold together molecules of chemical substances inside the dry cells.

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17
Q

what does all life activities requires?

A

energy and energy conversions

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18
Q

what is energy conversions?

A

involve the release of energy stored as chemical bonds.

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19
Q

what is the unit of cellular energy?

A

ATP
*cellular energy is stored as ATP.

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20
Q

_____ energy bond is the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group

A

high

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21
Q

it is the energy storage molecule used by most organisms.

A

ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate

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22
Q

ATP/ADP can be thought of like….

A

rechargeable battery

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23
Q

what are the two phases that occurs in photosynthesis?

A
  1. light-dependent reactions (light-reactions)
  2. light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
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24
Q

what is light-dependent reactions (light-reactions)

A

occurs in thylakoid membrane
convert light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.

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25
Q

ATP is the ____, while NADPH is the ____.

A

energy source, reducing power

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26
Q

Light-DEPENDENT reaction is the ____ of photosynthesis.

A

photo part

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27
Q

light-INDEPENDENT reaction is the ____ of photosynthesis.

A

synthesis part

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28
Q

what is the Calvin cycle?

A

occurs in the stroma
uses products of light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) to convert CO2 to sugar.

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29
Q

define stroma.

A

fluid that surrounds the thylakoids.

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30
Q

what is the first step in photosynthesis?

A

absorption of light

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31
Q

which part of the cell capture light energy?

A

chloroplast

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32
Q

define electron transport.

A

light-energy excites photosystem II; causes water molecule to split, releasing electron into the electron transport system, H+ into the thylakoid space, and O2 as a waste product.

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33
Q

excited electrons move from photosystem II to an electron-acceptor molecule in the…

A

thylakoid membrane

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34
Q

electron-acceptor molecule transfers the electrons along a series of electron-carriers to…

A

photosystem I

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35
Q

photosystem I transfers the electrons to a protein called…

A

ferrodoxin

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36
Q

ferrodoxin transfers the electrons to the electron carrier ____, forming the energy-storing molecule ___.

A

NADP+, NADPH

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37
Q

what phase of photosynthesis use light energy to generate ATP and NADPH too be used in the sugar-making reactions of the _____.

A

light-reactions, Calvin Cycle

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38
Q

where is thylakoid lumen located?

A

inside the thylakoid.

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39
Q

chloroplast stroma is located…

A

outside thylakoid

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40
Q

what are the reactants combined to form tweleve 3-carbon molecules called 3-GPA.

A

six CO2 combined with six 5-carbon compounds.

41
Q

six CO2 molecules combined with six 5-carbon compounds form…

A

twelve 3-carbon molecues called 3-GPA.

42
Q

______leave the cycle to be used for the production of GLUCOSE and OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

A

two 3GP molecules

43
Q

what enzyme converts the remaining ten 3GP molecules into 5-carbon molecules, it is called as ____.

A

rubisco, RuBP

44
Q

this phase or reaction in photosynthesis is also known as being used in DARK reactions.

A

Calvin cycle or light-INDEPENDENT reaction.

45
Q

what are the 3 phases in Calvin cycle?

A
  1. CARBON FIXATION- CO2 and 5-carbon attached together
  2. REDUCTION- gain electrons; ATP and NADPH are added to the cycle
  3. REGENARATION- regenaration of CO2 acceptor; RuBP is regenarated so cycle continues.
46
Q

what are the three alternative pathways of photosynthesis?

A

1.C3 Plants
2. C4 Plants
3. CAM Plants

47
Q

define and give examples of C4 plants.

A

-fix carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds instead of three-carbon compunds during CC.
-ex.: sugarcane, corn

48
Q

define and give examples of C3 plants.

A

-reduce carbon dioxide directly in the chloroplast.
-ex.:wheats, oats, rye

49
Q

define and give examples of CAM plants.

A

-occurs in water-conserving plants that live in deserts and salt marshes.
-ex.: cacti,orchids, pineapple

50
Q

this alternative pathway keep their stomata (pores) closed during hot days

A

C4 plants

51
Q

this alternative pathway, the carbon cycle happens during the day.

A

C3 plants

52
Q

alternative pathway that allow CO2 to only enter at night and fix CO2 into organic compounds.

A

CAM plants

53
Q

organisms obtain energy in a process called…

A

cellular respiration

54
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

55
Q

what is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 +6H20 + energy

56
Q

ATP produce approximately ____; maximum amount for each glucose molecule

A

38

57
Q

define cellular process

A

process performed within each cell of an organism

58
Q

regenaration of ATP is by consuming…

A

oxygen and organic foods (sugars)

59
Q

cellular respiration is done by…

A

both autotrophs and heterotrophs

60
Q

what are the two main parts that occurs in cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, and aerobic respiration

61
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

breakdown of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen
conversion of pyruvate to CO2, H2O, and ATP

62
Q

where does aerobic respiration occurs?

A

mitochondria

63
Q

what are the stages that involves in the aerobic respiration?

A
  1. glycosis
  2. formation of ACETYL-COA
  3. the KREBS cycle
  4. the electron transport chain an oxidative phosphorylation
    * #2 and #3 requires O2
64
Q

Acetyl-CoA is a…

A

2-carbon molecule

65
Q

krebs cycle is a…

A

6-carbon molecule

66
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

in this process, glucose is broken down in the CYTOPLASM.

67
Q

how many molecules of ATP and NADH are formed for each of glucose that is broken down?

A

2 ATP molecules and 2 NADP molecules
(2ATP; 2 NADH x 3= 6 ATP (+2 ATP) = 8ATP)

68
Q

define krebs cycle

A

series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide.

69
Q

krebs cycle is also called as…

A

citric acid cycle

70
Q

glycolysis has a net result of…

A

two ATP and two PYRUVATE

71
Q

most energy from _____ is still contained in the ____.

A

glucose, pyruvate

72
Q

what are the net yield from krebs cycle?

A

six CO2 molecules, two ATP, eight NADH, and two FADH2.
(2 ATP; 8 NADH x 3 = 24 ATP; 2 FADH2 x 2 = 4 ATP)
(2 ATP + 24 ATP + 4 ATP = 30 ATP)

73
Q

what is the final step in the breakdown of glucose?

A

electron transport

74
Q

electron transport produces how many ATP?

A

32-34

75
Q

_____ _____ provides energy for activities

A

ATP produced

76
Q

how many ATP molecules does ELECTRON TRANSPORT generates produced by AEROBIC RESPIRATION for each glucose molecule?

A

34

77
Q

what is the percentage of the total energy released by oxidation of glucose is stored as ATP?

A

45%

78
Q

what happens to the remainder of the total energy released by oxidation of glucose?

A

lost as heat.

79
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

respiration that does not require O2.

80
Q

glycolysis occurs in the…

A

presence or absence of oxygen

81
Q

what are the two main types of anaerobic respiration?

A
  1. lactic acid fermentation
  2. alcohol fermentation
82
Q

what is yeast?

A

-unicellular fungi
-derives energy from sugar
-facultative anaerobe; aerobic respiration when O2 is present, but switches to anaerobic when oxygen is absent.

83
Q

what does facultative anaerobe mean?

A

can form both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

84
Q

what is the first step in cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis (1 glucose —-> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH)

85
Q

what happens next after glycolysis?

A

presence of oxygen- aerobic respiration
absence of oxygen- anaerobic respiration

86
Q

in this respiration, cells can use the krebs cycle and electron transport chain to make up to 38 ATP.

A

aerobic respiration

87
Q

the equation below is the equation for what respiration?
( 2 pyruvate + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + up to 38 ATP)

A

aerobic respiration

88
Q

with AEROBIC RESPIRATION, although CO2 is generated, an equal number of molecules of oxygen are consumed, so there is ______ in gas molecules.

A

no net increase

89
Q

this respiration is LESS efficient at extracting energy (only 2 ATP per glucose molecule)

A

anaerobic respiration

90
Q

what is alcoholic fermentation?

A

converts pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol.
ex.: yeast

91
Q

equation for alcoholic fermentation

A

pyruvate + NADH —-> ethanol + NAD+ + CO2
*CO2 is the byproduct from yeast production

92
Q

alcoholic fermentation recycles _____ to ____, providing ____ needed during glysolysis to make ATP.

A

NADH, NAD+,NAD+

93
Q

alcoholic fermentation creates a ____ to keep glycolysis going.

A

feedback loop

94
Q

what are the economic importance in alcoholic fermentation?

A
  1. bakers making bread
  2. wine, beer
  3. ethanol added to gasoline to make gasohol
95
Q

define lactic acid fermentation.

A

anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.

96
Q

equation for lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate + NADH —-> lactic acid + NAD+

97
Q

what are the economic importance of lactic acid fermentation?

A
  1. milk “gone sour”- fermenting action of bacteria in pyruvate
  2. other food products (cheese, kimchi, yogurt, soy sauce, saeurkraut)
98
Q

how does strenuous exercise affect build-up of lactic acid?

A

soreness is due to build-up of lactic acid in the muscle tissues, which causses muscle fatigueness

99
Q

what happen if O2 is low in muscles?

A

cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation

UNIT 2 PS AND CR (CHAP 8)FINALS (2 decks)

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