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PS > PS 3RD GRADING > Flashcards

PS 3RD GRADING Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the universe including its properties, structure and evolution.

A

Cosmology

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2
Q

proposed that the visible fuzzy patches of light scattered among the stars are distant galaxies and describe them as an ‘island universe’.

A

Emmanuel Kant

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3
Q

In 1919, _______ _______ studied at Mount Wilson and solved the mystery of “fuzzy patches” .

A

Edwin Hubble

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4
Q

studied a group of pulsating stars known as Cepheid Variable

A

Edwin Hubble

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5
Q

extremely bright stars that increase and decrease in brightness in a repetitive cycle.

A

Cepheid Variable

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6
Q

group of stars is important due to their ‘true’ brightness called absolute magnitude.

A

Cepheid Variable

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7
Q

object Hubble observed 2 million light-years away.

A

Andromeda Galaxy

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8
Q

distance light travels in 1 year. Less than 10 trillion kms or 6 trillion miles.

A

Light-year

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9
Q

when the universe was born through Bigbang.

A

13.7 billion years ago

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10
Q

Born 13.7 billion years ago

A

Big Bang

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11
Q

First galaxies and stars appeared _________ ________ years after the BigBang.

A

400-500 million

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12
Q

Our Solar system was formed ___ billion years ago and ___ billion years after BigBang.

A

4.6, 9.1

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13
Q

As the universe expanded, the gravity caused matter to accumulate into large ‘clumps’ and ‘strands’ of interstellar matter known as “________”.(meaning Clouds)

A

Nebulae

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14
Q

Interstellar matter consists of ____ Hydrogen and __ Helium.

A

90%, 9%

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15
Q

When nebulae are in close proximity to very hot blue stars, they glow and are called ______ _________.

A

bright nebulae

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16
Q

When clouds of interstellar material are too far from bright stars to be illuminated, they’re called _____ ________.

A

dark nebulae

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17
Q

_________ __________ - glowing clouds of hydrogen clouds.

A

Emission Nebulae

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18
Q

______________- the conversion of ultraviolet light to visible light. Causes Neon lights to glow.

A

Fluorescence

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19
Q

________ _________- merely reflects the light of nearby stars. Usually blue.

A

Reflection Nebulae

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20
Q

________ _________- originate from the remnants of dying sun-like stars.

A

Planetary Nebulae

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21
Q

____ ________- when interstellar materials are too far from bright stars to be illuminated.

A

Dark Nebulae

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22
Q

H-R Diagrams is short for?

A

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagrams

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23
Q

Einar Hertzsprung and Henry Russell studied the relationship between the _____ ____________ of stars and their ____________ ____________. They developed a graph called the H-R Diagram.

A

true brightness, respective temperatures

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24
Q

“ordinary stars”

A

Main Sequence Stars

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25
Q

_______ ________- earth size star

A

White Dwarf

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26
Q

In the milky way, these gaseous clouds are about 92% Hydrogen, 7 % Helium and less than 1% heavier elements.

A

Interstellar Clouds

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27
Q

A Mechanism that may trigger star formation is a shock wave from a catastrophic explosion (___________) of a nearby star.

A

supernova

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28
Q

_______ contracts pulling every particle towards the center.

A

Cloud

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29
Q

Gravitational contraction continues.

A

Protostar Age

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30
Q

Stellar temps. Are expressed in K.

A

Protostar Age

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31
Q

When the core reaches 10m K, hydrogen fusion starts.

A

Protostar Age

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32
Q

Hydrogen is continually converted to Helium.

A

Main Sequence Stage

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33
Q

Begins when the usable hydrogen in a star’s interior is consumed leaving a Helium rich core.

A

Red Giant Stage

34
Q

: stars which alternately expands and contracts, and never reach equilibrium.

A

Variable Stars

35
Q

After the red giant phase, they eventually exhaust their usable nuclear fuel and _________ in response to their immense gravity.

A

collapse

36
Q

__________ _______are stars half the mass of the sun and consume their fuel at relatively low rates.

A

Low-mass stars

37
Q

Never becomes a bloated red giant, it remains a stable main-sequence star until it consumes its usable hydrogen fuel and collapses into a hot, dense white dwarf.

A

Death of Low-Mass Stars

38
Q

Fuse hydrogen and helium fuel at accelerated rates during their red giant phase.

A

Death of Medium- Mass(Sun like) Stars

39
Q

Creates a spherical cloud of gas during their collapse from the red giant.

A

Death of Medium- Mass(Sun like) Stars

40
Q

Have short lifespans and terminate in brilliant explosions called supernovae.

A

Death of Massive Stars

41
Q

Can result in neutron stars or black holes.

A

Death of Massive Stars

42
Q

After low and medium-mass stars consume their remaining fuel, gravity causes them to _______.

A

collapse

43
Q

electrons are displaced inward from their regular orbits around an atom’s nucleus.

A

Degenerate Matter

44
Q

Surface temperature: 25000 K.

A

White Dwarfs

45
Q

Without energy source, the main- sequence star slowly cools, cold and small and burned-out embers called _______ ______

A

black dwarfs.

46
Q

The smaller the white dwarf is, the _______ it is because of greater gravitational fields.

A

heavier

47
Q

Are smaller and more massive white dwarfs.

A

Neutron Stars

48
Q

: radiates short pulses of radio energy.

A

Pulsar

49
Q

Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts that even though_______ _____ are extremely hot, their surface gravity is so immense that not even light can escape.

A

black holes

50
Q

: have masses 1000 times our Sun.

A

Supermassive blackhole

51
Q

Barred spiral type that contains more than 200 billion stars.

A

The Milky Way

52
Q

Diameter exceeds 100,000 light years.

A

The Milky Way

53
Q

The center has a supermassive blackhole with a mass of 40,000 suns.

A

The Milky Way

54
Q

How many types of galaxies are there?

A

4

55
Q

Milky Way is a ______ _______

A

Spiral galaxy

56
Q

Flat, disc shaped that has a diameter of 20,000 to 125,000 light years.

A

Spiral galaxies

57
Q

Have a band of stars exceeding outward

A

Barred spiral galaxies.

58
Q

25% of galaxies have no symmetry.

A

Irregular galaxies

59
Q

Large and small Magellanic clouds are named after Ferdinand Magellan.

A

Irregular galaxies

60
Q

The smallest of these are known as dwarf galaxy’s.

A

Elliptical galaxies

61
Q

Largest known galaxies with 1 million light years diameter.

A

Elliptical galaxies

62
Q

Milky Way is just 1/2 of this.

A

Elliptical galaxies

63
Q

Galaxies grouped into gravitationally bound clusters.

A

Galactic Clusters

64
Q

Our own galactic cluster is called the ______ _______

A

local group.

65
Q

Interaction within galactic clusters often driven by the galaxy’s gravity.

A

Galactic Collisions

66
Q

Describes the birth, evolution and fate of the universe.

A

The Big Bang Theory

67
Q

discovered in 1912 that galaxies exhibit motion.

A

Vesto Slipher

68
Q

most galaxies have spectral shifts towards the red end of the spectrum.

A

Cosmological red shifts

69
Q

states that “galaxies recede at speeds proportional to their distances from the observer”.

A

Hubble’s Law

70
Q

“galaxies recede at speeds proportional to their ________ from the observer”

A

distances

71
Q

This is represented by the _____ ______ ______ ________. As the universe expands, so does the distance between the galaxies.

A

raisin bread dough analogy

72
Q

This is represented by the raisin bread dough analogy. As the universe expands, so does the distance between the galaxies.

A

Hubble’s Law

73
Q
  • the universe slowly cools down as it expands to the point that it can’t sustain life.
A

Big chill

74
Q
  • gravitational contraction would follow causing all matter to collide.
A

Big crunch

75
Q

Opposite to BigBang.

A

Big crunch

76
Q

something surrounding our galaxies yet undetected.

A

Dark matter

77
Q

One quarter of the universe consists of _____ ________.

A

dark matter

78
Q

Exerts force that helps hold our galaxy together and helps to slow the expansion of the Universe.

A

Dark matter

79
Q

Exerts a force that pushes matter outward causing the expansion to speed up.

A

Dark Energy

80
Q

Large and small Magellanic clouds are named after __________ __________.

A

Ferdinand Magellan

81
Q

Hydrogen is continually converted to ________.

A

Helium

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