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PS 3RD GRADING Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the universe including its properties, structure and evolution.

A

Cosmology

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2
Q

proposed that the visible fuzzy patches of light scattered among the stars are distant galaxies and describe them as an ‘island universe’.

A

Emmanuel Kant

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3
Q

In 1919, _______ _______ studied at Mount Wilson and solved the mystery of “fuzzy patches” .

A

Edwin Hubble

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4
Q

studied a group of pulsating stars known as Cepheid Variable

A

Edwin Hubble

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5
Q

extremely bright stars that increase and decrease in brightness in a repetitive cycle.

A

Cepheid Variable

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6
Q

group of stars is important due to their ‘true’ brightness called absolute magnitude.

A

Cepheid Variable

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7
Q

object Hubble observed 2 million light-years away.

A

Andromeda Galaxy

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8
Q

distance light travels in 1 year. Less than 10 trillion kms or 6 trillion miles.

A

Light-year

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9
Q

when the universe was born through Bigbang.

A

13.7 billion years ago

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10
Q

Born 13.7 billion years ago

A

Big Bang

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11
Q

First galaxies and stars appeared _________ ________ years after the BigBang.

A

400-500 million

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12
Q

Our Solar system was formed ___ billion years ago and ___ billion years after BigBang.

A

4.6, 9.1

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13
Q

As the universe expanded, the gravity caused matter to accumulate into large ‘clumps’ and ‘strands’ of interstellar matter known as “________”.(meaning Clouds)

A

Nebulae

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14
Q

Interstellar matter consists of ____ Hydrogen and __ Helium.

A

90%, 9%

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15
Q

When nebulae are in close proximity to very hot blue stars, they glow and are called ______ _________.

A

bright nebulae

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16
Q

When clouds of interstellar material are too far from bright stars to be illuminated, they’re called _____ ________.

A

dark nebulae

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17
Q

_________ __________ - glowing clouds of hydrogen clouds.

A

Emission Nebulae

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18
Q

______________- the conversion of ultraviolet light to visible light. Causes Neon lights to glow.

A

Fluorescence

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19
Q

________ _________- merely reflects the light of nearby stars. Usually blue.

A

Reflection Nebulae

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20
Q

________ _________- originate from the remnants of dying sun-like stars.

A

Planetary Nebulae

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21
Q

____ ________- when interstellar materials are too far from bright stars to be illuminated.

A

Dark Nebulae

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22
Q

H-R Diagrams is short for?

A

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagrams

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23
Q

Einar Hertzsprung and Henry Russell studied the relationship between the _____ ____________ of stars and their ____________ ____________. They developed a graph called the H-R Diagram.

A

true brightness, respective temperatures

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24
Q

“ordinary stars”

A

Main Sequence Stars

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25
_______ ________- earth size star
White Dwarf
26
In the milky way, these gaseous clouds are about 92% Hydrogen, 7 % Helium and less than 1% heavier elements.
Interstellar Clouds
27
A Mechanism that may trigger star formation is a shock wave from a catastrophic explosion (___________) of a nearby star.
supernova
28
_______ contracts pulling every particle towards the center.
Cloud
29
Gravitational contraction continues.
Protostar Age
30
Stellar temps. Are expressed in K.
Protostar Age
31
When the core reaches 10m K, hydrogen fusion starts.
Protostar Age
32
Hydrogen is continually converted to Helium.
Main Sequence Stage
33
Begins when the usable hydrogen in a star's interior is consumed leaving a Helium rich core.
Red Giant Stage
34
: stars which alternately expands and contracts, and never reach equilibrium.
Variable Stars
35
After the red giant phase, they eventually exhaust their usable nuclear fuel and _________ in response to their immense gravity.
collapse
36
__________ _______are stars half the mass of the sun and consume their fuel at relatively low rates.
Low-mass stars
37
Never becomes a bloated red giant, it remains a stable main-sequence star until it consumes its usable hydrogen fuel and collapses into a hot, dense white dwarf.
Death of Low-Mass Stars
38
Fuse hydrogen and helium fuel at accelerated rates during their red giant phase.
Death of Medium- Mass(Sun like) Stars
39
Creates a spherical cloud of gas during their collapse from the red giant.
Death of Medium- Mass(Sun like) Stars
40
Have short lifespans and terminate in brilliant explosions called supernovae.
Death of Massive Stars
41
Can result in neutron stars or black holes.
Death of Massive Stars
42
After low and medium-mass stars consume their remaining fuel, gravity causes them to _______.
collapse
43
electrons are displaced inward from their regular orbits around an atom’s nucleus.
Degenerate Matter
44
Surface temperature: 25000 K.
White Dwarfs
45
Without energy source, the main- sequence star slowly cools, cold and small and burned-out embers called _______ ______
black dwarfs.
46
The smaller the white dwarf is, the _______ it is because of greater gravitational fields.
heavier
47
Are smaller and more massive white dwarfs.
Neutron Stars
48
: radiates short pulses of radio energy.
Pulsar
49
Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts that even though_______ _____ are extremely hot, their surface gravity is so immense that not even light can escape.
black holes
50
: have masses 1000 times our Sun.
Supermassive blackhole
51
Barred spiral type that contains more than 200 billion stars.
The Milky Way
52
Diameter exceeds 100,000 light years.
The Milky Way
53
The center has a supermassive blackhole with a mass of 40,000 suns.
The Milky Way
54
How many types of galaxies are there?
4
55
Milky Way is a ______ _______
Spiral galaxy
56
Flat, disc shaped that has a diameter of 20,000 to 125,000 light years.
Spiral galaxies
57
Have a band of stars exceeding outward
Barred spiral galaxies.
58
25% of galaxies have no symmetry.
Irregular galaxies
59
Large and small Magellanic clouds are named after Ferdinand Magellan.
Irregular galaxies
60
The smallest of these are known as dwarf galaxy’s.
Elliptical galaxies
61
Largest known galaxies with 1 million light years diameter.
Elliptical galaxies
62
Milky Way is just 1/2 of this.
Elliptical galaxies
63
Galaxies grouped into gravitationally bound clusters.
Galactic Clusters
64
Our own galactic cluster is called the ______ _______
local group.
65
Interaction within galactic clusters often driven by the galaxy’s gravity.
Galactic Collisions
66
Describes the birth, evolution and fate of the universe.
The Big Bang Theory
67
discovered in 1912 that galaxies exhibit motion.
Vesto Slipher
68
most galaxies have spectral shifts towards the red end of the spectrum.
Cosmological red shifts
69
states that “galaxies recede at speeds proportional to their distances from the observer”.
Hubble’s Law
70
“galaxies recede at speeds proportional to their ________ from the observer”
distances
71
This is represented by the _____ ______ ______ ________. As the universe expands, so does the distance between the galaxies.
raisin bread dough analogy
72
This is represented by the raisin bread dough analogy. As the universe expands, so does the distance between the galaxies.
Hubble’s Law
73
- the universe slowly cools down as it expands to the point that it can’t sustain life.
Big chill
74
- gravitational contraction would follow causing all matter to collide.
Big crunch
75
Opposite to BigBang.
Big crunch
76
something surrounding our galaxies yet undetected.
Dark matter
77
One quarter of the universe consists of _____ ________.
dark matter
78
Exerts force that helps hold our galaxy together and helps to slow the expansion of the Universe.
Dark matter
79
Exerts a force that pushes matter outward causing the expansion to speed up.
Dark Energy
80
Large and small Magellanic clouds are named after __________ __________.
Ferdinand Magellan
81
Hydrogen is continually converted to ________.
Helium

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