PS 230 midterm review Flashcards
That tobacco grown in the virginia colony could be exported only to Britain is an example of which of the following?
Mercantilism
Put in Chronological order:
Great depression, Cold War, Pax Britannica, WWII, Mercantilism
Mercantilism, pax Britannica, Great Depression, WWII, Cold War
The expectation that states have legal and political supremacy within their territorial borders is what?
Sovereignty
Which region of the world exerted substantial influence over much of the world by 1800, exercising direct rule over vast colonial possessions in the western Hemisphere, India, Southeast Asia, and where else?
Western Europe
2 examples of mercantilist policy
The dutch government grants a trade monopoly to the Dutch East India Company, The Spanish government controls its colonial mines in Mexico and Peru
What was 1815-1914 characterized by?
What was 1914 -1989 characterized by?
Peace and prosperity, war and economic instability
In the century from approximately 1815-1914, how did britain promote peace
Maintained hegemony of the seas with the worlds strongest navy, balanced power in continental Europe to prevent supremacy of one country
What was Great Britain considered to be in the 19th century
A hegemon
In the period between 1870-1914, the international monetary system was based on what?
The Gold standard
What dominant economic approach ended towards the end of the 19th century?
What was it replaced with?
Mercantilism, free trade
During the late nineteenth century, we saw a renewed push by imperial powers to colonize what part of the world?
Africa
Treaty of versailles
an agreement between the allies and germany that formally ended WWI and contained provisions for the payment of reparations by Germany
peace of westphalia
the settlement that ended the 30 years’ war in 1648; often crediting with creating the modern state system
NATO
an alliance formed in 1949 among the US, canada, and most of the western european states, which pledged to consider an attack on them as an attack on them all
League of nations
a collective security organization founded in 1919 to bring the world’s nations together to increase cooperation and guarantee peace
Allied vs central powers
austria-hungary, russia, france, germany, ottoman empire, great britain
Allied: russia, france, great britain
central: austria-hungary, germany, ottoman empire
Economic instability was a key factor that contributed to the outbreak of WWII, T or F
True
The US and the soviet union avoided nuclear war in the 1960s because the United States’ European allies in NATO threatened to dissolve the alliance if war broke out, T or F
False
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (BW system)
reducing trade barriers
IMF (BW system)
supervising the reformed gold standard
World Bank (BW system)
encouraging private investment in developing countries
Which country spent the most money on its military in 2020
US
what year did the cold war end
1991
Interest
what actors want to achieve through political action
interaction
the ways in which the choices of 2 or more actors combine to produce political outcomes
institution
a set of rules within a community that structure interactions in a specific way
Political systems: Created by anarchy or not: alaska, US federal system, international system in mercantilist era, international system during WWII, international system after the UN was chartered in 1945, international trade in pacific ocean under international law of the sea treaty
not anarchi, not anarchic, anarchic, anarchic, anarchic, anarchic
the OSCE is an international organization with 57 member states. as one of its missions, the OSCE currently maintains an office in albania that helps the albanian government reform its electoral code, train that country’s central election commission, and monitor elections, if you wanted to understand why the OSCE conducts election monitoring in albania, what question would you most likely ask first
who are the actors involved in determining the OSCE mission, and waht are their interests
best-response strategy
the actor’s plan to do as well as possible in light of the interests and likely strategies of the other actor in the situation
what is a core element of sovereignty?
the sovereign possess ultimate authority over the people and territory of a given realm, all sovereign states are formally equal or have the same legal status
consumers have a shared interest in lower prices, and because consumers will all benefit in the form of lower prices if tariffs are reduced, it is likely they will succeed in organizing for a reduction in tariffs, T or F
false
three factors that influence bargaining outcomes
agenda setting, outside options, coercion
agenda setting
actions taken before or during bargaining that make the reversion outcome more favorable for one party
outside options
alternatives to bargaining with a specific actors
coercion
the strategy of imposing or threatening to impose costs on other actors in order to induce a change in their behavior
Linkage
linking different issues together can make it easier to find agreements on them, as actors trade off things they don’t value for things they do
The US-Mexico-Canada agreement contains 34 chapters and 4 annexes describing the rules for trade and investment practices among the 3 countries. which of the following practices best describes this extensive outlining of how trade and investment should function between member states?
resolving disputes
four ways institutions can facilitate cooperation among states
setting standards, verifying compliance, reducing the cost of joint decision making, and resolving disputes
India, the second-most populous country in the world, and Japan, which has the world’s third-largest economy, are not permanent members of the security council. this is an example of what?
policy bias
How do international institutions affect cooperation among states?
setting expectations for how members will behave, providing mechanisms for resolving disagreements, making it easier t make decisions collectively, providing information about members’ compliance with the rules
Which of the following statements about the frequency of was since 1820 are correct
at no point did the percentage of states involved in interstate war exceed 50 percent, the percentage of states involved in interstate war has stayed low for the past 50 years
coercive diplomacy
using threats to try to obtain a specific outcome in an interaction with another actor
crisis bargaining
a situation in which one state threatens to attack the other if the former does not get what it wants
bargaining range
a set of deals that both states prefer to fighting a war
interstate war
occurs when bargaining fails and at least 2 parties use organized military force against each other
why are there almost always bargains instead of two states fighting
cost of fighting decreases the value that each state expects to get from war
what arises in crisis bargaining
incomplete information
Which of the following are reasons why state A might not want to share information about its costs of war with state B
sharing information might reveal a military tactic that reduces its effectiveness; thus, the act of sharing information will raise state A’s costs and State A might want to give the appearance that its costs are lower than they are to make the bargaining range more favorable
What explains how information asymmetry could lead to bargaining failure and, thus, war
State A makes overly high demands believing that state B has less resolve than it actually has and state B underestimates state A’s capacity and therefore does not yield anything in response to state A’s threats
Causes of WWI
germany believed that attacking first would give it a military advantage and germany feared Russia’s growing power
research has found that wars that follow a large shift in power are more likely to be longer and more severe than wars that do not, T or F
true
what could be sources of future bargaining power
an island in the middle of a strategic sea route, a nuclear weapons program
the city of Jerusalem is one of the most contested pieces of territory in the world. both israelis and palestinians desire jerusalem as their capital. what makes this conflict so difficult to resolve
israel has publicly claimed that jerusalem cannot be divided; this ties the hands of israeli leaders, making it costly for them to compromise
states often claim that territory or another good are indivisible, but this isn’t the case. The difficulty comes from striking a deal that both sides believe the other side will stick to, T or F
true
over the past 70 years, territory has declined and trade has increased as a source of national wealth. because terms of trade are harder to divide than territory, conflicts and wars among states are increasing, T or F
False
what changes have occurred in world politics that could explain a decline in interstate war since WWII?
the value of territory as a source of economic and military power is declining, most international organizations help states find the bargaining range by providing information, and nuclear weapons raise the costs of war so high that war is not worth fighting
Although states are made up of many different individuals and interest groups, when it comes to foreign policy, decisions are made to advance the national interest. For this reason, it always makes sense to consider the state as a single unitary actor, T or F
False
According to realism, which of the following is the primary interest of all states?
Sovereignty
Domestic institutions determine how much power an individual leader has to make foreign policy decisions. This means that understanding what type of political system is in place in a country will help you understand its foreign policy outcome, T or F
True
Name 3 government bureaucracies in the US
Department of State, marine corps, CIA
Put in order from most influence on foreign policy, to least influence: spencer jones (voter), a dictator, national council of agricultural employers, an elected president
A dictator, an elected president, ag council, spencer jones
Nation definition
a common origin, ethnicity, language, or culture
nationalism definition
an ideology that prioritizes one’s attachment to such a group
when is a political leader most likely to start a war
when they are facing defeat because of high employment
according to bargaining theory, when is war more likely
if leaders on both sides of the conflict benefit from war
when is war less likely
if there is substantial trade between two countries
why did the Argentine leadership decide to initiate an armed conflict with great britain over the falkland islands in 1982
the argentine leadership wanted to create nationalist sentiment that would help reduce domestic unrest and bring it prestige
Which of the following situations is sufficient enough to make the bargaining range disappear?
the leader of state A expects to enjoy political benefits from waging war that are greater than the costs of war to A and the costs of war to B
What is a consequence of the rally effect
diversionary incentive
Why might a country in which the military has a large influence over foreign policy be more prone to aggressive international policy?
military has interest in demanding as large a budget as possible and the military is more likely to see force as an effective solution
which of the following is an accurate interest-group-based explanation for the US embargo on Cuba, a policy that lasted more than 50 years
Cuban americans who fled Castro’s regime when it came to power lobbied for the US government to take action to undermine Castro
What interest groups would support a shift in american policy toward more cooperative political and economic relations with china
the american solar industry (can manufacture more cheaply with global supply chains) and american technology companies that want to increase international sales
what interest groups would oppose a shift in american policy towards a more cooperative relation with China
Vietnamese textile manufacturers that currently sell to the United States, Chinese Americans who left China in opposition to the CCP, and american textile manufacturers who compete with chinese textile imports
dovish governments
believe war is very costly
hawkish governments
believe war isn’t as costly
How does US military influence policy
information
how does united fruit company influence policy
money
how does the cuban-american lobby influence policy
voters
if groups within a state place a high value on goods that can be acquired by war, which of the following are likely consequences of their influence?
the state will make larger demands of the opposing side and the set of bargains acceptable to the state shrinks
what statement about democracy and war is accurate
democracies rarely, if ever, go to war with other democracies (democratic peace theory)
what are plausible reasons for why democracies do not fight with other democracies?
democratic leaders can make more credible threats because they face higher audience costs, democratic processed are relatively open and reported by a free press, and democracies regard one another as a community of states with shared liberal values
if the public is motivated by ethnocentric hatred of a rival, then democratic institutions that hold leaders accountable may motivate those leaders to be aggressive rather than cautious on their foreign policy, T or F
true
definition of democratic peace
the observation that there are few cases of war between mature democratic states
a security agreement between two or more states
an alliance
What is more common; offensive or defensive alliances?
defensive
Some alliances involve states forming competing alliances to ensure that neither side gains a clear military edge
balance of power
some alliances involve states joining forces with the more powerful side of the conflict to ensure they end up on the winning side
bandwagoning
How can an alliance affect bargaining
alter the chance of sides reaching a bargain, change participants beliefs about what third parties would do in a conflict, an can shift the bargaining range between different sides in a conflict
What is the success of an alliance based on?
effectively signaling to potential opponents that allies are committed to the alliance, preferring to fight together, limit risk of entrapment, having strong mutual interests
What is true about collective security organizations?
they forbid the use of violence by one member state against another and are based on a presumption that states share a common interest in peace
Several conditions are more likely to help a CSO function
powerful member states must agree to the desirability of collective action and one or more members states must value the collective good highly enough to pay the cost to achieve it
comparative advantage
trade barriers make domestic production less efficient because they hinder a country’s ability to pursue its comparative advantage
What DOESN’T explain why civil wars might cluster geographically
UN interventions in civil conflicts often destabilize neighboring regimes
Of the three main bargaining failures, which explains why civil wars last as long as they do?
Commitment issues
What are the two main reasons that cause civil wars
Greed and grievances
