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PS 206 > PS 206 Final > Flashcards

PS 206 Final Flashcards

1
Q

how does bentham measure utility?

A

it’s intensity and duration

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2
Q

the first proponent of utilitarianism was

A

jeremy bentham

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3
Q

sandel argues that utilitarianism is liable to which important objection?

A

it fails to protect individual rights

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4
Q

when analyzing the case of killing the cabin boy Richard Parker, Sandel identifies which objection to the argument that the killing was justified to save the other three?
a. both of these
b. that all of the costs of the killing, on the balance, outweigh the benefits
c. that killing is wrong even if it has, on balance, beneficial consequences
d. neither of these

A

Neither of these

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5
Q

bentham argued that any objection to utilitarianism rests on

A

utilitarianism itself

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6
Q

mill tries to defend utilitarianism from one objection by distinguishing between

A

higher and lower pleasure

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7
Q

mill argues that utilitarianism is compatible with

A

rights such as individual liberty

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8
Q

according to mill, we may interfere with the actions of other only for the sake of

A

self-protection

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9
Q

sandel argues that to defend utilitarianism from objections, mill must appeal to

A

values outside of utilitarianism, such as character of dignity

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10
Q

mill’s defense of liberty rests on which conception of utility?

A

utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interest of man as a progressive being

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11
Q

mill argues that silencing discussion presumes

A

infallibility

unable to be wrong

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12
Q

according to mill, true opinions, if left unchallenged, become

A

dead dogmas

people have little idea of why they accept it

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13
Q

mill argues that wrong opinions

A

gradually yield to fact and argument

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14
Q

often, mill suggests, conflicting doctrines are both

A

partly true and partly false

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15
Q

the liberty of the press, mill asserts, is

A

one of the securities against corrupt or tyrannical government

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16
Q

singer argues that if you do not donate to international aid agencies, then

A

you are doing something wrong

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17
Q

What is an objection to his position that Singer considers?

A

People who earn money are entitled to spend it on themselves, there is no universal moral code, we have no duty to those to whom we have done no wrong

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18
Q

singer argues that the middle-class in industrialized societies live

A

better than kings of centuries ago

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19
Q

peter singer compares the situation of the global poor to

A

a drowning child

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20
Q

according to data presented by singer, most americans believe that

A

the US gives much more foreign aid than it actually does

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21
Q

Locke says that when you appropriate property in the state of nature, you must

A

leave as much and as good for others

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22
Q

if someone violates your rights in the state of nature, according to locke you may

A

both punish him and seek reparation for your injury

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23
Q

how may one become a slave, according to Locke?

A

by committing an act that deserves death

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24
Q

Locke says that the state of nature is governed by

A

The laws of nature

care and preservation of oneself

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25
Q

locke thinks that when labor is mixed with natural resources, the value of what results comes mostly from

A

The Labor

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26
Q

nozick characterizes his own theory of justice as employing what kind of principles?

A

historical

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27
Q

sandel argues the libertarianism is opposed to

A

Morals legislation, redistribution of income or wealth, paternalistic legislation

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28
Q

nozick argues that any state larger than the minimal state

A

violates people’s rights

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29
Q

what principles does nozick endorse:

A

t
1. Justice in acquisition
2. Rectificaiton
3. justice in transfer

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30
Q

nozick compares taxation for redistribution with

A

forced labor

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31
Q

sandel considers which objection to taxing michael jordan?

A

Jordan has concented to being taced because he lives in a democracy, he is lucky, the poor need the money more

32
Q

which phrase best captures the friedmans’ position

A

life is not fair

33
Q

sandel argues that a committed libertarian would approve of banning

A

Minmium wage, consensual cannibalism, economic regulations

34
Q

what alternative do the friedmans suggest that could perform some of the functions currently undertaken by the government?

A

philanthropic activity

35
Q

The friedmans argue that a government that tries to achieve equality of outcomes

A

will destory Freedom

36
Q

sandel argues that one can object to a volunteer army on the grounds that

A

it is unfair and coercive

37
Q

the fact that women in poorer countries can now serve as surrogates for well-off couples means that

A

surrogate motherhood is both less expensive for those purchasing it and more lucrative (relative to what they can otherwise earn) to the surrogate mother

38
Q

sandel argues that if you accept the system of a volunteer (that is, paid) military, then you may have little reason to oppose

A

both libertarianism and utilitarianism

39
Q

rawls’s hypothetical situation in which people choose principles of justice is called

A

the original position

40
Q

sandel argues that contracts embody which ideal?

A

Autonomy and Reciporcity

Self governess & exchange 4 mutual benifit

41
Q

the device in rawls’s theory that deprives agents of knowledge about themselves is called

A

the veil of ignorance

42
Q

which of the following describes sandel’s account of the relation between consent and obligation?

A

consent is neither necessary nor sufficient to establish obligation

43
Q

rawls’s principle that limits inequality is called

A

The difference principle

44
Q

while rawls agrees with the friedmans that some things in life are not fair (like the distribution of natural talents), he insists that

A

the way institutions deal with this can be fair or unfair

45
Q

What is an objection to rawls’s theory discussed by sandel?

A

It doesn’t reward effort, it undermines incentives

46
Q

which conception of opportunity does rawls endorse

A

fair equality of opportunity

47
Q

rawls’s first principle of justice protects

A

equal basic liberties

48
Q

sandel argues that the issue of affirmative action shows that it is difficult to separate issues of justice and rights from issues of

A

honor and virtue

49
Q

an argument for affirmative action that sandel considers is

A

correcting for differences in educaitonal backgrounds, promoting diversity, compensating for past wrongs

50
Q

sandel argues that affirmative action takes us back to the issue of

A

moral desert vs. legitimate expectations

51
Q

overall, dworkin argues

A

in favor of affirmative action

52
Q

one objection to affirmative action that dworkin considers and rejects is the idea that it

A

violates individual rights

53
Q

In chapter 5 of the politics, aristotle argues that some people are slaves

A

By nature

54
Q

sandel suggests that arguments about justice are often

A

the purpose of a social institution

55
Q

In PGA tour v.s. Martinthe supreme court ruled that

A

martin’s request for a waiver of the walking rule should be granted

56
Q

sandel argues that as issues in the casey martin case is the question

A

what virtues does golf honor?

57
Q

in chapter 2 of the politics, aristotle asserts that man is by nature

A

a political animal

58
Q

within certain limits, walzer argues that a political community

A

may control its own membership rules

59
Q

which group is entitled to a road to citizenship, according to walzer?

A

longtime guest workers

60
Q

walzer characterizes his argument as

A

radically particularist

each political group has the right ot promote their own interest

61
Q

walzer makes an analogy between membership in a political community and …

3 of them

A

Clubs, families, neighborhoods

62
Q

one policy considered by walzer is

A

White australia

63
Q

sandel argues that the modern conception of the choosing self leads naturally to the idea that

A

the government should be morally neutral

64
Q

who turned in his brother, the unabomber, rebuttling Waltzer’s claim was

A

David Kacynski

65
Q

sandel argues that the issues of apologies and reparations for past wrongs raises the question of

A

whether we are responsible only for what we ourselves do

66
Q

sandel argues that the liberal attempt to avoid moral or religious controversies

A

cannot succeed

67
Q

which of the following, according to sandel, defends a version of “the choosing self?”

A

John locke, Immanuel Kant, John Rawls

68
Q

which policy issues does sandel argue cannot be decided without first deciding certain religious questions

A

abortion and stem cell research

69
Q

one objection that rawls responds to is that the idea of an overlapping consensus reflects

A

skepticism about truth

70
Q

rawls idea of an overlapping consensus is based on the fact

A

of reasonable pluralism

71
Q

rawls theory sees people as free in the sense that

A

they may form their own conception of the good

72
Q

michael kinsley argues for which position on marriage?

A

end the institution of legal marriage

73
Q

sandel’s proposed “new politics of the common good” includes which feature?

A

Promoting solidarity and civic virtue, community service, limiting markets

74
Q

justice marshall’s judicial opinion holds that limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples

A

violates the values of individual liberty and equality

75
Q

what issues were present in mary beth whitehead’s surrogacy case?

A

Tainted consent, commodification, inequality

76
Q

what was the lexical order of rawls’ principles of equality?

A

equal basic liberty, fair equality of opportunity, difference principle

PS 206 (1 decks)

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