PS 206 Final Flashcards
how does bentham measure utility?
it’s intensity and duration
the first proponent of utilitarianism was
jeremy bentham
sandel argues that utilitarianism is liable to which important objection?
it fails to protect individual rights
when analyzing the case of killing the cabin boy Richard Parker, Sandel identifies which objection to the argument that the killing was justified to save the other three?
a. both of these
b. that all of the costs of the killing, on the balance, outweigh the benefits
c. that killing is wrong even if it has, on balance, beneficial consequences
d. neither of these
Neither of these
bentham argued that any objection to utilitarianism rests on
utilitarianism itself
mill tries to defend utilitarianism from one objection by distinguishing between
higher and lower pleasure
mill argues that utilitarianism is compatible with
rights such as individual liberty
according to mill, we may interfere with the actions of other only for the sake of
self-protection
sandel argues that to defend utilitarianism from objections, mill must appeal to
values outside of utilitarianism, such as character of dignity
mill’s defense of liberty rests on which conception of utility?
utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interest of man as a progressive being
mill argues that silencing discussion presumes
infallibility
unable to be wrong
according to mill, true opinions, if left unchallenged, become
dead dogmas
people have little idea of why they accept it
mill argues that wrong opinions
gradually yield to fact and argument
often, mill suggests, conflicting doctrines are both
partly true and partly false
the liberty of the press, mill asserts, is
one of the securities against corrupt or tyrannical government
singer argues that if you do not donate to international aid agencies, then
you are doing something wrong
What is an objection to his position that Singer considers?
People who earn money are entitled to spend it on themselves, there is no universal moral code, we have no duty to those to whom we have done no wrong
singer argues that the middle-class in industrialized societies live
better than kings of centuries ago
peter singer compares the situation of the global poor to
a drowning child
according to data presented by singer, most americans believe that
the US gives much more foreign aid than it actually does
Locke says that when you appropriate property in the state of nature, you must
leave as much and as good for others
if someone violates your rights in the state of nature, according to locke you may
both punish him and seek reparation for your injury
how may one become a slave, according to Locke?
by committing an act that deserves death
Locke says that the state of nature is governed by
The laws of nature
care and preservation of oneself
locke thinks that when labor is mixed with natural resources, the value of what results comes mostly from
The Labor
nozick characterizes his own theory of justice as employing what kind of principles?
historical
sandel argues the libertarianism is opposed to
Morals legislation, redistribution of income or wealth, paternalistic legislation
nozick argues that any state larger than the minimal state
violates people’s rights
what principles does nozick endorse:
t
1. Justice in acquisition
2. Rectificaiton
3. justice in transfer
nozick compares taxation for redistribution with
forced labor
sandel considers which objection to taxing michael jordan?
Jordan has concented to being taced because he lives in a democracy, he is lucky, the poor need the money more
which phrase best captures the friedmans’ position
life is not fair
sandel argues that a committed libertarian would approve of banning
Minmium wage, consensual cannibalism, economic regulations
what alternative do the friedmans suggest that could perform some of the functions currently undertaken by the government?
philanthropic activity
The friedmans argue that a government that tries to achieve equality of outcomes
will destory Freedom
sandel argues that one can object to a volunteer army on the grounds that
it is unfair and coercive
the fact that women in poorer countries can now serve as surrogates for well-off couples means that
surrogate motherhood is both less expensive for those purchasing it and more lucrative (relative to what they can otherwise earn) to the surrogate mother
sandel argues that if you accept the system of a volunteer (that is, paid) military, then you may have little reason to oppose
both libertarianism and utilitarianism
rawls’s hypothetical situation in which people choose principles of justice is called
the original position
sandel argues that contracts embody which ideal?
Autonomy and Reciporcity
Self governess & exchange 4 mutual benifit
the device in rawls’s theory that deprives agents of knowledge about themselves is called
the veil of ignorance
which of the following describes sandel’s account of the relation between consent and obligation?
consent is neither necessary nor sufficient to establish obligation
rawls’s principle that limits inequality is called
The difference principle
while rawls agrees with the friedmans that some things in life are not fair (like the distribution of natural talents), he insists that
the way institutions deal with this can be fair or unfair
What is an objection to rawls’s theory discussed by sandel?
It doesn’t reward effort, it undermines incentives
which conception of opportunity does rawls endorse
fair equality of opportunity
rawls’s first principle of justice protects
equal basic liberties
sandel argues that the issue of affirmative action shows that it is difficult to separate issues of justice and rights from issues of
honor and virtue
an argument for affirmative action that sandel considers is
correcting for differences in educaitonal backgrounds, promoting diversity, compensating for past wrongs
sandel argues that affirmative action takes us back to the issue of
moral desert vs. legitimate expectations
overall, dworkin argues
in favor of affirmative action
one objection to affirmative action that dworkin considers and rejects is the idea that it
violates individual rights
In chapter 5 of the politics, aristotle argues that some people are slaves
By nature
sandel suggests that arguments about justice are often
the purpose of a social institution
In PGA tour v.s. Martinthe supreme court ruled that
martin’s request for a waiver of the walking rule should be granted
sandel argues that as issues in the casey martin case is the question
what virtues does golf honor?
in chapter 2 of the politics, aristotle asserts that man is by nature
a political animal
within certain limits, walzer argues that a political community
may control its own membership rules
which group is entitled to a road to citizenship, according to walzer?
longtime guest workers
walzer characterizes his argument as
radically particularist
each political group has the right ot promote their own interest
walzer makes an analogy between membership in a political community and …
3 of them
Clubs, families, neighborhoods
one policy considered by walzer is
White australia
sandel argues that the modern conception of the choosing self leads naturally to the idea that
the government should be morally neutral
who turned in his brother, the unabomber, rebuttling Waltzer’s claim was
David Kacynski
sandel argues that the issues of apologies and reparations for past wrongs raises the question of
whether we are responsible only for what we ourselves do
sandel argues that the liberal attempt to avoid moral or religious controversies
cannot succeed
which of the following, according to sandel, defends a version of “the choosing self?”
John locke, Immanuel Kant, John Rawls
which policy issues does sandel argue cannot be decided without first deciding certain religious questions
abortion and stem cell research
one objection that rawls responds to is that the idea of an overlapping consensus reflects
skepticism about truth
rawls idea of an overlapping consensus is based on the fact
of reasonable pluralism
rawls theory sees people as free in the sense that
they may form their own conception of the good
michael kinsley argues for which position on marriage?
end the institution of legal marriage
sandel’s proposed “new politics of the common good” includes which feature?
Promoting solidarity and civic virtue, community service, limiting markets
justice marshall’s judicial opinion holds that limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples
violates the values of individual liberty and equality
what issues were present in mary beth whitehead’s surrogacy case?
Tainted consent, commodification, inequality
what was the lexical order of rawls’ principles of equality?
equal basic liberty, fair equality of opportunity, difference principle
