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PS Flashcards

1
Q

PS1

A

MCAT Lesson Plan: Gender & Sexual Orientation

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2
Q

What is sex?

A

sex refers to the biological categories of male and female, into which people are born

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3
Q

Are sex and genders binary concepts (male vs. female, nothing in-between)?

A

No

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4
Q

What is intersex?

A

People with other chromosomal variations, like X, XYY, XXX, XXY,

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5
Q

What is gender?

A

gender is social construct, having one’s gender identity and gender expression

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6
Q

What is gender identity?

A

what gender they consider themselves to be

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7
Q

What is gender expression?

A

the gender a person presents or expresses publicly

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8
Q

What does genderqueer mean?

A

non-binary

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9
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

not dependent on gender and sex. refers to the sex and or gender that someone romantically/ sexually is attracted to

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10
Q

What is the hierarchy of sexual orientations?’

A

heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality.

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11
Q

Question # 1: A person who considers him/herself to be neither male nor female is:
A
Gender binary
B
Sex positive
C
Intersex
D correct
Gender queer

A

D-Gender queer

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12
Q

Question # 2: Gender is:
A
Naturally occurring
B
Determined at birth
C
Socially constructed
D
Dependent upon chromosomes

A

C-Socially constructed

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13
Q

Question # 3: John was born with testes and XY chromosomes. He feels like a male and asks others to publicly address him with masculine pronouns. John is:
A
Transgender male
B
Cisgender
C
Transgender female
D
Intersex

A

B-Cisgender

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14
Q

Question #4: Which of the following is a sex characteristic?
A
Tall height for males
B
Long hair for females
C
XX chromosomes for females
D correct
Testes for males

A

D Testes for males

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15
Q

Question #5: A person born with the sex characteristics of both males and females is:
A
Intersex
B
Transgender
C
Cisgender
D
Gender queer

A

A-Intersex

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16
Q

Question #6: Sex is*
A
Non-binary
B
Performative
C
Socially constructed
D
Dependent upon chromosomes

A

D- Dependent upon chromosomes

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17
Q

Alex, the protagonist of the film XXY, is intersex. This means that:
a.Alex is biologically female but identifies with a male gender identity.
b.Alex is biologically female but identifies as homosexual.
c.Alex is biologically male, but has the sex characteristics of a female.
d.Alex has the sex characteristics of both sexes

A

d.Alex has the sex characteristics of both sexes

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18
Q

The film is titled XXY to reflect:
a.The chromosomal variation that results in the development of both male and female sex characteristics. b.The choice that Alex faces –to be female (X) or to be male (Y). The two Xs reflect the extra pressure society puts on Alex to present as female.
c.The disconnect between biological gender identity and sex chromosomes.
d.None of the above

A

a.The chromosomal variation that results in the development of both male and female sex characteristics.

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19
Q

PS2

A

MCAT Lesson Plan:Depression, Anxiety,Bipolar Disorder, OCD

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20
Q

What is an anxiety disorder?

A

It is excessive fear that affects behavior and function. Hard to focus due to expecting looming danger.

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21
Q

What are the different types of anxiety disorders?

A

Generalized anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Specific phobia
Panic attack and panic disorder
Agoraphobia

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22
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

A person has uncontrollable anxiety almost every day for 6 months about daily stuff and things they cannot control, is unable to function in society, and includes at least 3 of the 6 symptoms below.

Restlessness
Being easily fatigued.
Difficulty concentrating
Irritability
Muscle tension
Sleep disturbance

More common in females than males.

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23
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Fear or anxiety when exposed to possible scrutiny by others that lasts 6 months or more, unable to function in society.

More common in females than in males. Often starts in the teenage years.

24
Q

Specific phobia

A

Fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation that lasts 6 months or more, unable to function in society.

Common fears include: flying, animals, blood, and heights

It can be out of the blue or it can be due to a negative experience related to the situation or the object

25
Q

Panic attack/disorder

A

Show Features of a panic attack:
Pounding heart
The sensation of inability to catch your breath
Feeling like they are choking*Abdominal pain
Nausea
Chills or hot
Sweating
Shaking
Numbness
Dizziness
Fear of losing control/dying
Detachment from oneself

Avoidance or behavior change (like exercising) to avoid triggering attacks then it is considered a panic disorder.

26
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear or anxiety about two or more from below
Using public transportation
Being in open spaces
Being in enclosed places
Standing in line or being in a crowd
Being outside of the home alone

Avoidance and anxiety are out of proportion, impairment in areas of functioning

This is more common in females than in males

27
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorders

A

Disorders that are characterized by obsessions and compulsions

Obsession –repeated thoughts, images, or urges that are anxiety-provoking

Compulsion –behaviors that are repeated to reduce the anxiety from the obsession

28
Q

What are some obsessions?

A

Cleanliness/germs
Symmetry
Taboo –aggression/sexual or religious
Fear of harming self or others Perfectionism

29
Q

What are some compulsions?

A

Hand washing, cleaning surfaces Repeating, ordering, and counting
Repeat checking, praying Checking stove, windows/doors, body
Self-harm

30
Q

What are the different types of obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD)?

A

*Obsessive compulsive disorder *Body dysmorphic disorder *Hoarding disorder *Trichotillomania
*Excoriation disorder

31
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both that are time consuming.

Obsessions are recurrent and persistent, they can try to suppress them or neutralize them with other thoughts or actions.

Compulsions are a must to respond to an obsession that is aimed to prevent or reduce anxiety or distress.

32
Q

Body Dysmorphic disorder

A

Preoccupation about a perceived defect or flaw.
Repetitive behaviors related to the flaw

33
Q

Hoarding disorder

A

Difficulty getting rid of possessions
Perceived need to save items to avoid distress.

34
Q

Trichotillomania

A

Repeated pulling out of hair in various areas.
Often associated with a ritual

35
Q

Excoriation disorder

A

Repeated picking at the skin leading to lesions
Attempts to stop have failed.

36
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

state of low mood that leads to physical manifestations of the low mood and ultimately affects one’s functioning

37
Q

What types of mood disorders exist?

A

Depressive disorders
Bipolar mood disorders

38
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

At least 2 weeks of 5 of the following:
Weight change –gain or loss
Decreased or increased sleep
Fatigue
Psychomotor agitation/retardation
Loss of energy
Worthlessness
Decreased concentration
Suicidal thoughts

Depressed mood or low mood OR Decreased interest

39
Q

What are psychomotor changes?

A

Agitation –pacing, hand wringing, rubbing skin/clothes

Retardation –slow speech, sitting still, slowed thinking

Struggle to care for themselves.
Episodes must last at least 2 weeks to be diagnostic.
Can occur in pregnancy or postpartum periods.
More common in females.
Often starts in a person’s 20s

40
Q

What is adjustment disorder?

A

Distress that is out of proportion to a stressor
Occurs within 3 months of the stressor
After the stressor ends, the symptoms resolve within 6 months.
Symptoms could be anxiety and/or depression.

41
Q

What are bipolar disorders?

A

Bipolar mood disorders are characterized by an elevated mood for days to a week which is the opposite of a depressive disorder. They are known to have either mania or hypomania. Some will also have depressive episodes

42
Q

What are the features of bipolar disorders:

A

Elevated/irritated mood
*Increased activity
*Grandiosity
*Decreased sleep
*Talkative
*Lots of ideas and bouncing between ideas
*Lots of activities/projects that they don’t complete
Become reckless

43
Q

What is Bipolar 1?

A

manic episodes
may have a depressive episode
Begins in late teens or early 20s.
High risk for suicide and substance use
Equal between males and females

44
Q

What is bipolar 2?

A

hypomanic episodes
at least 1 depressive episode.
Usually present with depression
It is more chronic and disabling
Begins in their 20s
Equal between males and females

45
Q

What is cyclothymia?

A

2 years of symptoms of hypomania, but not enough to make a diagnosis.
*They may also have periods of depressive symptoms without meeting diagnosis criteria.

46
Q

Question # 1: Which cluster of symptoms is typical of a major depressive episode?
A
Low mood, less sleep, poor concentration, poor appetite
B
High mood, less sleep, poor concentration, no appetite
C
Low mood, high worth, good concentration, no change in appetite
D
Worry about dying, heart palpitations, difficulty concentrating, poor sleep

A

A) Low mood, less sleep, poor concentration, poor appetite

47
Q

Question # 2: Which of the following is true?
A
Anxiety disorders are more common in males
B
Bipolar disorder has mania or hypomania, but no depression
C
Depression typically occurs in the first decade
D correct
Bipolar disorders are equally distributed among males and females

A

D) Bipolar disorders are equally distributed among males and females

48
Q

Question # 3: Which of the following is true?
A
Social anxiety is fear in public situations, such as public transportation or standing in line.
B
Generalized anxiety is focused on things that people have control over, such as what they eat for dinner.
C
Panic attacks can be unprovoked or provoked, but if the person avoids certain situations that lead to them, it warrants a diagnosis of panic disorder.
D
Agoraphobia is fear of objects such as animals, blood, or heights.

A

C) Panic attacks can be unprovoked or provoked, but if the person avoids certain situations that lead to them, it warrants a diagnosis of panic disorder.

49
Q

Question #4: What is an obsession?
A
A behavior that decreases the anxiety of a compulsion
B
A thought about their worthlessness that leads to low mood
C
An urge, thought or image that causes anxiety
D
A response to trauma

A

C An urge, thought or image that causes anxiety

50
Q

Question #5: How may a person with body dysmorphic disorder compensate?This question is required.*
A
They may wear a hat to cover up their hair pulling.
B
They may avoid situations to avoid people noticing their skin picking.
C
They may use anabolic steroids to build more muscle.
D
They may avoid mirrors to avoid looking at themselves.

A

C) They may use anabolic steroids to build more muscle.

51
Q

Question #6: Which of the following people is correctly matched to the diagnosis?
A
A 20-year-old female who repeatedly washes her hands in response to concerns about germs is diagnosed with specific phobia.
B
A 20-year-old male is diagnosed with Bipolar I disorder after presenting to the ER believing he is the president of the United States, with no need for sleep, ongoing talkativeness and has started numerous projects at home, but is yet to finish a project.
C
A 60-year old lady is worried that she is unwell and that the doctors are missing something is diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder.
D
A 60-year old male is seen pacing the halls because his wife is in surgery for an aortic aneurysm is diagnosed with social anxiety disorder.

A

B correct
A 20-year-old male is diagnosed with Bipolar I disorder after presenting to the ER believing he is the president of the United States, with no need for sleep, ongoing talkativeness and has started numerous projects at home, but is yet to finish a project.

52
Q

Question #7: Which of the following people is most likely to be diagnosed with a major depressive episode?
A
A 24-year-old male who is failing out of his biology course after his mom was diagnosed with cancer.
B
A 24-year-old female who is failing out of her biology course for fears of a natural disaster if she leaves the house.
C
A 24-year-old male who is failing out of his biology course after not attending class for 4 days with little need for sleep and working on multiple projects.
D
A 24-year-old female who is failing out of her biology course after spending the past 2 weeks in bed, losing 20 pounds and having no energy despite sleeping 18 hours per day.

A

D
A 24-year-old female who is failing out of her biology course after spending the past 2 weeks in bed, losing 20 pounds and having no energy despite sleeping 18 hours per day.

53
Q

The authors indicate that negative emotions may contribute to suicidal ideation. Which of the following is true?a.Negative emotions are due to a lack of appropriate coping strategies
b.Avoidance is an appropriate coping strategy to avoid negative emotions and prevent suicidal ideation.
c.Nonsuicidal self-injurious behaviors may be a way of expressing negative emotions and determining one’s pain tolerance
d.Males experience less severe negative emotions compare to females.

A

C) Nonsuicidal self-injurious behaviors may be a way of expressing negative emotions and determining one’s pain tolerance

54
Q

An adolescent is using alcohol regularly and engaging in cutting behaviors at an increased frequency. Which of the following is false?
a.If the adolescent has suicidal ideation, the adolescent is more likely male
b.The adolescent is likely experiencing negative emotions
c.The adolescent is capable of suicidal acts.
d.The adolescent could be experiencing anxiety

A

a.If the adolescent has suicidal ideation, the adolescent is more likely male.

55
Q

A teen is experiencing suicidal ideation and you are concerned that they could be experiencing a major depressive episode. If the teen is diagnosed with depression, which of the following descriptions is most likely?
a.The teen has recently broken up with their girlfriend and is now having difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite and problems with concentration over the past few days.
b.The teen has been fatigued, with thoughts of worthlessness, and increased sleep over the last week.
c.The teen is irritable with a decreased need for sleep and bounces between activities due to an issue with distractibility over the last week.
d.The teen is pacing in the room, wringing their hands, with decreased sleep, increased appetite, and difficulties concentrating over the last three weeks.

A

D) The teen is pacing in the room, wringing their hands, with decreased sleep, increased appetite and difficulties concentrating over the last three weeks.

56
Q
A

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