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Provence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is “vin cuit”?

A

A wine produced in Palette AOC by cooking grape must

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2
Q

What is Maquis?

A

A mix of reinous herbs that grow on schist soils

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3
Q

What Provence AOC produces mainly white wine?

A

The Cassis AOC. 70% of production is white.

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4
Q

What is Provence’s smallest AOC by size?

A

Palette AOC

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5
Q

What AOC in Provence is known for organic and biodynamic farming?

A

Les Baux de Provence AOC

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6
Q

What is the climate of Provence?

A

Mediterranean, with some continental and/or alpine influence in the north

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7
Q

What Provence AOC has strong alpine influences?

A

Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC

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8
Q

What grapes are allowed in Côtes de Provence AOC red and rosé?

A

They must contain at least two of the primary grapes: Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre, Cinsualt and Tibouren

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9
Q

What is garrigue?

A

A term used to describe limestone soils and the wild herbs that grow upon it

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10
Q

What is the principal red grape of the Bandol AOC?

A

Mourvèdre

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11
Q

What civilization first planted vines in Provence?

A

The ancient Phocaens (Greeks from Asia Minor) beat the Romans, making Provence the oldest winemaking region in France.

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12
Q

The term “restanques” refers to:

A

Terraced stone walls in vineyards, especially in Bandol

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13
Q

What Provence AOC is known for indigenous grapes like Braquet and Folle Noire?

A

Bellet AOC

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14
Q

What AOC is responsible for 75% of all wine produced in Provence?

A

Côtes de Provence AOC

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15
Q

What Provence AOC produces more red wine than rosé?

A

Les Baux de Provence AOC

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16
Q

What Provence AOC surrounds the city of Nice?

A

Bellet AOC

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17
Q

What are the two main soil types found in Provence?

A

Calcerous limestone and quartz-rich schist

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18
Q

What is the Hercynian Trend?

A

A deformation in the earth’s crust responsible for creating the mountains and massifs of Provence and Languedoc

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19
Q

What Provence AOC is known for wines from Mourvèdre?

A

Bandol

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20
Q

Rolle is a synonym for what grape?

A

Vermentino

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21
Q

What are the four geographic designations of the Côtes de Provence AOC?

A

Sainte-Victoire, Fréjus, La Londe and Pierrefeu

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22
Q

What is Provence’s Cru Classé?

A

A ranking of 18 estates within the Cotes de Provence AOC

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23
Q

What is the only AOC in Provence that permits Chardonnay?

A

Bellet AOC

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24
Q

Provence is…..

A

The oldest winemaking region in mainland France. Introduced in the 6th Century BC.

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25
Q

What was the first Roman province outside of italy?

A

Provence. They named it “our provence”

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26
Q

What is the only region in the world to focus on Rose?

A

Provence

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27
Q

Which method does Provence use to make rose?

A

Direct press. This provides less than tannin than Saignee

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28
Q

When was Aix En Provence founded?

A

122 BC. Romans established trade links from there. They shipped Roses.

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29
Q

When did Provence become a part of France?

A

1400s

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30
Q

What happened to Provence in the late 19th Century?

A

Phylloxera hit meaning that vineyards had to be replanted.

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31
Q

When did the AOCs and VDQS achieve their status in Provence?

A

AOC

  • Cassis 1936
  • Bandol and Bellet: 1941
  • Palette: 1948

VDQS

  • Cotes De Provence: 1951
  • Coteaux d’Aix- en- Provence: 1956
  • Coteaux Varois en Provence: 1984
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32
Q

What year was Cotes De Provence upgraded to AOC?

A

1977

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33
Q

What year was Coteaux d’Aix- en- Provence upgraded to AOC status?

A

1985

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34
Q

What year was Coteaux Varois en Provence upgraded to AOC status?

A

1993

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35
Q

Where is Provence located in France?

A

In the Southeast quadrant of France and is framed by the sea at the edge.

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36
Q

What is on the eastern border of Provence?

A

The Cote d’Azur, the east 46 miles/ 74 kms of coastline before the italian border

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37
Q

What is on the northern border of Provence?

A

The durance river….however Provence’s most northerly wine region is the Coteaux de Pierrevert

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38
Q

Typography of Provence

A
  • Eastern portion of Provence is not the most mountainous
  • The Southwest (near Arles and Marseille) is flatter
  • To the West, the Rhone Delta forms a vast salt marsh known as the Camargue
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39
Q

Mont Ventoux (in relation to Provence)….

A
  • 38 miles/ 61 kms northeast of Avignon

- Culturally it belongs to Provence, but the Ventoux AOC belongs to the Rhone Valley

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40
Q

Sainte- Victoire- Provence

A
  • Located within the Cote De Provence AOC

- Blocks the Mistral; creates a sun trap

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41
Q

Sainte Baume- Provence?

A

Mtn range that stretches from Toulon to Marseille

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42
Q

Massif des Calanques- Provence?

A

Runs along the coast between Marseille and Cassis

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43
Q

Massif des Maures- Provence?

A

Coastal Mountains which runs between Hyeres and Frejus

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44
Q

Maritime Alpes- Provence?

A

Run along the Italian Border

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45
Q

What is the Hercyian Trend?

A
  • It is an ancient line of crustal formation that runs along the Pyrenees, along the coast of the Languedoc, to the Estural Massif in Provence.
  • Created the Languedoc landscapes of Corberes, La Clape, Frontignan and the islands of Corsica
  • Created the Provencal Massifs of Maures and Esterel, the Provencal ranges and the Maritime Alps
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46
Q

What are the two primary soil types of Provence?

A
  1. Crystalline (quartz) schist

2. Limestone and Clay

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47
Q

What are the soils types in each region of Provence?

A
  • Nthern and Wstrn Provence: Limestone and clay
  • Eastern Provence: crystalline schist
  • Interior Valley running from Les Arcs to Toulon forms the dividing line where these two soil types meet and mingle

Note: A small pocket of volcanic porphyry lies between Saint Tropez and Cannes in the growing area of Frejus

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48
Q

What are the two different vegetation that grows on the two different soil types in Provence?

A

Garrigue: A composite of resinous herbs such as lavender, thyme, juniper, rosemary, grows on limestone

Maquis: A woody coastal scrub vegetation, grown on crystalline schist. Herbs grow here too but they taste differently

49
Q

What is the climate of Provence?

A

Mediteranean because it is on the….Meditereaean

50
Q

What about the inland and coastal influences of Provence?

A
  • The sea moderates the temps of the coastal vineyards
  • Inland temps are less balmy, night are cool, especially at higher elevations
  • Some interior have alpine and continental influences
51
Q

What about the mountain of Provence?

A

Colder winters and milder summers than the coastal vineyard areas
In the summer the diurnal range swings to protect the grape’s natural acidity

52
Q

How many hours of sunshine does Provence get a year?

A

3000 hours

53
Q

What is the Mistral?

A

A cold dry, north wind that follows humidity. Blows upwards of 60mph/ 150kph, 150 days of the year. Blows from Avignon do to the west of Aix and is then channelled by the mountains in a southeasterly direction.

54
Q

What mountain range runs between Marseille and Cassis?

A

Massif des Calanques

55
Q

What mountain range runs between Hyeres and Frejus?

A

Massif des Maures

56
Q

Which mountain range in Provence used to be volcanic?

A

Massif de L’Esterel

57
Q

What helped to lead to the diversity of Grapes in Provence?

A

A roman road that journeyed from Italy to Spain. It was called the Via Domitia

58
Q

Provencal white grapes?

A

Planqueiron: neutral blending grape

Pascal: low alcohol, neutral blending grape

Picardan: neutral slightly musky wine of moderate acidity and alcohol

59
Q

Provencal grapes that have southern origin?

A

Bourboulenc: moderate alcohol, high acidity

Clairette Blanche: high alcohol, low acidity

Marsanne: high alcohol, moderately low acidity

Piquepoul/ Picpoul: moderate alcohol, high acid

Roussanne: high alcohol, moderately high acidity

Terret Blanc: moderate alcohol, moderate acidity

Viognier: high alcohol, moderate to low acidity

60
Q

Provencal grapes that are grown in other parts of France?

A

Chardonnay: High alcohol, high extract, risk of low acidity

Sauvignon Blanc: moderate alcohol, high acidity

Semillon: high alcohol, high extract, moderate to low acidity

61
Q

Italian white grapes grown in Provence?

A

Rolle/ Vermentino: moderate alcohol, moderate acidity

Ugni Blanc/ Trebbiano: moderate alcohol, moderate acidity

62
Q

White grapes grown in Provence with an unknown origin include?

A

Grenache Blanc: (could hail from Spain or Sardinia): high alcohol, low acidity

Muscat a Petit Grains Blanc: (Greek or Italian): high alcohol, high extract, good to high acidity

Pignerol: contributes banana and honey flavours to the wine

Spagnol: wine grape, and table grape, in decline

63
Q

What red grapes are indigenous to Provence?

A

Braquet: lightly pigmented, aromatic bright acidity

Folle Noir/ Fuella Nera: Blending grape prized for its pigment and tannin

64
Q

Red grapes in Provence that are from the south of France?

A

Cailitor: low pigment, low alcohol

Cinsault: moderate to low pigment, low tannin, moderate acidity

Clairette Rose: high alcohol, low acid

Counoise: Low pigment, low tannin, good acidity

Syrah: high pigment, tannin, moderate alcohol, moderate acidity

Terret Noir: high acid, aromatic

65
Q

Red grapes grown in Provence but also in other areas of France?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon: high pigment, high tannin, high acid, moderate alcohol

Planted in Coteaux Aix-en- Provence after WW2 by the owner of Bordeaux chateau Ch. La Lagune

66
Q

Provence grapes that have a Spanish origin include?

A

Carignan: high pigment, tannin and acidity

Mouvedre/ Mataro/ Monastrel: high in pigment, tannin, acidity and alcohol

67
Q

Red grapes from Provence with an unknown origin?

A

Grenache Noir: Spain or Sardinia? high alcohol, low acid

Barbaroux: Native to Provence or Corsician? Lightly pigmented, aromatic, low acidity, low pigment

Tibouren/ Rossese di Dolceacqua: Provence or Italy? lightly pigmented, moderate to low acid, aromatic

68
Q

What pruning method is very common in Southern France including Provence?

A

Gobelet System:

  • Older vines are planted and trained
  • An untreilised pruning method that keeps the vines low to the ground and goblet shaped
  • Requires hand harvesting

Guyot Fashion is also becoming fashionable:

  • Newer vineyards: longer canes vs shorter spurs
  • Lifts the vines off of the ground by means of trellis support
69
Q

When is harvesting done in Provence?

A

In the early morning so as to protect aromatics and provide good acid to craft great rose

70
Q

What helps to preserve the natural acidity in the grapes of Provence?

A

The diurnal range from the breezes of the mountains

71
Q

How many hours of sunshine does Provence receive in a year?

A

3000 hours

72
Q

The Mistral- Provence

A
  • A cold, dry north wine, chases humidity
  • Blow upwards of 60 mph/ 96 kms per hour. 150 days of the year
  • Blows from Avignon down to just west of Aix and is then channelled by the mountains in a south westerly direction
73
Q

What helped to increase the different wine influences in Provence at the very start?

A

The Via Domitia, a German road linking Spain and Italy

74
Q

Grape Origin: Provence- White

A
  • Blanqueiron: natural blending grape
  • Pascal: Low alcohol, neutral wine
  • Picardan: Neutral slightly musky wine of moderate acidity and alc
75
Q

Grape Origin: South of France

A

Bourboulenc: Moderate alc, high acidity

Clairette Blanche: high alc, low acidity

Marsanne: high alc, moderately low acidity

Picquepoul/ Picpoul: moderate alc, high acidity

Roussanne: high alc, moderately high acidity

Terret Blanc: moderate alc, moderate acidity

Viognier: high alc, moderate to low acidity

76
Q

Grape Origin- Other Places in France (Provence)

A

Chardonnay: high alc, high extract, risk of low acidity

Sauvignon Blanc: moderate alc, high acidity

Semillon: high alc, high extract, moderate to low acidity

77
Q

Grape Origin: Italy- Provence

A
  • Rolle/ Vermentino: moderate alc, moderate acidity

- Ugni Blanc/ Trebbiano: moderate alc, moderate acidity

78
Q

Grape Origin: Unknown- Provence

A
  • Grenache Blanc: (disputed could hail from Spain or Sardinia): high alc, low acid
  • Muscat a Petits Grains Blanc: (could be Greek or Italian): high alc, high extract, good to high acid
  • Pignerol: contributes banana and honey flavours to the wine
  • Spagnol: wine grape and table grape in decline
79
Q

Provence Grapes from other part of France:

A
  • Chardonnay: high alcohol, high extract, risk of low acidity
  • Sauvignon Blanc: moderate alcohol, high acidity
  • Semillon: high alcohol, high extract, moderate to low acidity
80
Q

Grape Origin: Provence- Red

A
  • Braquet: lighter pigments, aromatic, bright acidity

- Folle Noir/ Fuella Nera: blending grape prized for its pigment and tannin

81
Q

Grape Origin: South of France- Provence (Red)

A
  • Carlitor: low pigment, low alcohol
  • Cinsault: moderate to low pigment, low tannin, moderate acidity
  • Clairette Rose: high alcohol, low acid
  • Counoise: low pigment, low tannin, good acidity
  • Syrah: high pigment, tannin, moderate alcohol, moderate acidity
  • Terret Noir: high acid, aromatic
82
Q

Grape Origin: Other areas of France- Provence (Red)

A
  • Cabernet Sauvignon: high pigment, high tannin, high acid, moderate alcohol

Historical note: First planted in Coteaux d’Aix- en- Provence after World War 2 by the owner of Bordeaux’s Ch La Lagune

83
Q

Grape Origin: Spain (Red)

A
  • Carignan/ Carinena or Mazuelo: high in pigment, tannin and acidity
  • Mourvèdre/ Mataro or Monastrell: high in pigment, tannin, acidity, alcohol
84
Q

Grape Origin: Unknown- Provence (Red)

A
  • Grenache Noir: Spain or Sardinia? High alcohol, low acid
  • Barbaroux: Native to Provence or Corsican?: lightly pigmented, aromatic, low acidity, moderate alcohol
  • Tibouren/ Rossese Di Dolceacqua: Provence or Italy? Lightly pigmented, moderate to low acid, aromatic
85
Q

Pruning- Provence

A

Gobelet System:

  • Older vines are planted and trained
  • An untrellised pruning method that keeps the vines low to the ground and goblet- shaped
  • Requires hand- harvesting

Guyot fashion:

  • Newer vineyard: longer canes vs short spurs
  • Lifts the vine off of the ground by means of trellis support
86
Q

Trellising- Provence

A
  • Suport to the vine during the Mistral

- Gives the growers the option to mechanize harvest

87
Q

Harvest- Provence

A
  • Havested with care to avoid the bruising of fruit and bursting of the berries
  • Fruit is harvested at night or in the early morning to bring fruit into the winery
88
Q

Winemaking- Provence

A

2 ways to make rose:

  • Direct press: a pale rose with explosive aromatics and minimal tannin
  • Saignee Method: more concentrated colour and tannin, less complex aromatics
89
Q

Saignee Method

A
  • Grapes are crushed
  • Juice spends 8- 24 hours in contact with the skins to extract tannin and pigment
  • After this period of Maceration, the liquid is pulled off the solids without pressing
  • Solids are pressed
  • Often, the press fraction is blended with the free- run
90
Q

Saignee Method: Fermentation

A
  • Juice settling
  • Yeast addition; alcoholic fermentation
  • Malo- lactic fermentation is avoided
91
Q

Saignee Method: Key Points Of Production

A
  • Roses De Saignee: a by product of red winemaking process
  • Free- run and press juice are NOT blended together
  • Press fraction and free run: vinified separately as two distinct wine products made from one batch of grapes
92
Q

Provence- Coastal and Inland Influences

A
  • Sea moderates the temps of the coastal vineyards
  • Temps inland are less balmy, nights are cool, esp. at higher elevations
  • Some interior appellations have alpine and continental influences
93
Q

Provence- Mountains

A
  • Inland areas experience colder winters and cooler summer nights than the vineyards closer to the coast
  • The diurnal range in summer helps to preserve the grape’s natural acidity
94
Q

How much sunshine a year does provence receive?

A

3,000 hours

95
Q

How does the Mistral work in Provence?

A
  • Its a cold, dry north wind, chases humidity
  • Blows upwards of 60mph/ 96 kms per hour, 150 days of the year
  • Blows from Avignon down to just west of Aix and is then channelled by the mountains in a southeasterly direction
96
Q

Rose de Press (Direct Pressing)- Pressing

A
  • Grapes are harvested in the early morning hrs or at night or simply chilled upon arrival at the winery
  • Placed whole into the press
  • Gentle pressing regiem lasts for 4 hours, juice is pulled and and extracted with minimal skin contact
97
Q

Rose de Presse- Fermentation

A
  • Juice settling; yeast added, alcoholic fermentation

- MLF is avoided

98
Q

Rose de Presse- Key points of Production

A
  • Creates a less- pigmented, less structured rose (do to less pressing time)
  • Aromatics are heightened due to the gentle handling of the fruit and cool temperatures
99
Q

Vin de Soif- Provence

A
  • Light bodied
  • Thirst quenching wines
  • Higher yields
  • Shorter maceration times
  • Made with no oak
  • Made with higher yielding vineyards
100
Q

Vin Gastronomiques- Provence

A
  • More full bodied and designed to be drunk with food
  • Made from more select grapes than Vin de Soif
  • Might be aged in oak
  • Red wines can be called Vin de Gard (wines for aging)
101
Q

What are the bottle size unique to Provence?

A

The Skittle and The Saint Tropez bottle

102
Q

Why are the bottles in Provence clear?

A

To dazzle you with colour

103
Q

Cote de Provence AOC

A
  • Largest appellation in Provence
  • 75% of Provence’s production
  • 90% rose, 7% red, 3% white
  • Five non contiguous vineyard areas
104
Q

Cotes de Provence AOC- Varied Typography

A
  • Coastal Regions
  • Inland Valleys
  • Foothills
  • Peaks and mountainous regions

Provence is Mediterranean in climate, but inland and with altitude, there are continental and alpine influences

105
Q

Cote de Provence AOC- Soils

A
  • Crystalline Schist: Eastern parts of Cotes de Provence
  • Volcanic Soils: Between Frejus and Cannes
  • Limestone and Clay: Western portions of the AOC
  • A mix of soils: in the interior valley that runs from Toulon to Les Arcs
106
Q

Cotes de Provence AOC- Grapes and Blends

A
  • Clairette, Rolle (Vermentino), Semillon and Ugni Blanc (no specific percentages)
  • Reds and Roses: Must contain at least two of the following: Grenache, Mouvedre, Cinsault, Tiberon and Syrah. Cabernet Sauvignon and Carignan are optional Blending partners
  • Rose can contain a small percentage of Rolle (Vermentino), Ugni Blanc, Clairette or Semillon
107
Q

Cotes de Provence AOC- Geographic Designations

A
  • Four geographic designations: Sainte- Victorire, Frejus, La Londe and Pierrefeu
  • Not seperate AOCs
  • Subject to lower yields and higher min. alc level
  • Reds from Frejus must spend 6 months in oak or foudres
  • Only pertains to reds and Roses, whites must be labelled Cotes De Provence
108
Q

Cotes de Provence: Crus Classe

A
  • Created the classification system in 1955
  • Only one level: Cru Classe
  • Was 23 estates but 5 no longer exist
  • Ranks the estate, not the vineyard.
  • Never been revised or remodified
109
Q

Le Baux de Provence AOC

A
  • South/ Southwest of Avignon
  • Production: 57% Red, 39% Rose, 4% White
  • Of Note: A stronghold of organic and biodynamic producers
  • Reds: Primarily GSM blends, require 1 yr aging before release, but an oak regime is not mandated
  • Roses: Primarily Grenache, Syrah, Cinsault blends
  • Whites: Primarily Clairette, Grenache blanc, rolle blends
110
Q

Coteaux d’ Aix- en- Provence AOC

A
  • Northwestern region of Provence
  • Production: 84% Rose, 11% Red, 5% White
  • Of Note: 2nd largest AOC, heavily impacted by the Mistral
  • Roses: GSM blends with Counoise, Cinsault, Carignan and Cab Sauv
  • Reds: GSM blends with Counoise, Cinsault, Carignan and Cab Sauv
  • Whites: 50% rolle with Clairette, Grenache B, Sauvignon B and Ugni Blanc as a principal blending partner
111
Q

Palette AOC (Provence)

A
  • Two non- contiguous wine growing areas on both sides of the Arc River just east of Aix- en- Provence
  • Production: 44% red, 37% White, 19% Rose
  • Of Note: Smallest appellation in Provence: half the production is bottled by one producer: Chateau Simone, all grapes are hand harvested, makes vin cuit
  • Reds: Mandatory aging, 18 months in oak
  • Whites: mandatory aging, 8 months before release
  • Roses: mandatory aging, 8 months prior to release
112
Q

Cassis AOC

A
  • 12 miles/ 20 kms east of Marseille
  • Production: 67% white, 30% rose, 3% red
  • Of Note: Terraced vineyards sheltered from the Mistral by the Calanques; only Provence appellation that is white predominate
  • Whites: Prodominately marsanne with Clairette as the principal blending partner
  • Reds and Roses: Cinsault, Grenache, Mouvedre- dominant blends, roses may incorporate 20% white varieties into the blend
113
Q

Bandol AOC

A
  • West of Toulon and east of Cassis
  • Production: 60% Roses, 30% red, 10% white; grapes must be hand harvested
  • Of Note: Only hillside vineyards- most of which are terraced and face south in amphitheatre fashion
  • Roses: min. 20% Mouvedre plus Grenache and Cinsault
  • Reds: 50-95% Mouvedre with Grenache and Cinsault; aging requirement; 18 months in oak
  • Whites: 50% clairette plus Bourboulen and/or Ugni Blanc
114
Q

Coteaux Varois en Provence AOC

A
  • Lies between the two largest parts of the Cotes de Provence AOC, the region is sheltered by limestone hills and mountains
  • Production: 88% roses, 9% red, 3% white
  • Of Note: Vines grow at an average of 1,200 feet/ 360 m with continental influences, delivering roses of structure, freshness and balance
  • Whites: 30% rolle with clairette and grenache blanc
  • Reds and Roses: Primarily Grenache, Cinsault, Mouvedre and Syrah blends
115
Q

Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC

A
  • Northernmost of Provence
  • Production: 60% roses, 30% red, 10% white
  • Of Note: Vines at an avg. elevation of 1,500 ft/ 450 m; alpine influences, diurnal temperature swing is the highest in all of Provence
  • Roses: Primarily Cinsault, Grenache, Syrah blends; up to 20% white grapes permitted
  • Red: Grenache- Syrah dominate blends with Carignan, Cinsault and Mouvedre, up to 10% white grapes permitted
  • Whites: Largely Grenache Blanc and Rolle
  • No Bordeaux grape varieties are allowed
116
Q

Bellet AOC

A
  • Surrounding Nice
  • Production: Equal production of roses, red and white
  • Of Note: Terraced vineyards above the Var River at 660- 990 ft/ 200-300m in elevation; Chardonnay permitted, Bordeaux grapes are allowed
  • Whites: Primarily Rolle with Chardonnay and/ or Clairette
  • Reds and Roses: Primarily Braquet and Folle Noir with Grenache
117
Q

IGP Meditterranee

A
  • Largest most general IGP designation

- Shared with the Rhone Valley and Corcica

118
Q

What are the 6 departmental IGPs of Provence?

A
  • IGP Alpes de Haute Provence
  • IGP Alpes Maritimes
  • IGP Bouches-du- Rhone
  • IGP Hautes Alpes
  • IGP Vaucluse
  • IGP Var
119
Q

What are the 8 IGP zonal designations of Provence?

A
  • IGP Aigues
  • IGP Argens
  • IGP Coteaux du Verdon
  • IGP Maures
  • IGP Mont Caume
  • IGP Alpilles
  • IGP Principaute d’Orange
  • IGP Sainte Baume

French Wine Scholar (14 decks)

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