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Protozoans Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 4 different types of organelles of locomotion seen in Protozoans

A
  1. Flagella
  2. Cilia
  3. Pseudopods
  4. Undulating ridges, subpelliccular microtubules
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2
Q

Name 5 different modes of Protozoan reproduction

A 
Most reproduction is asexual 
1. Binary fission 
2. Multiple fission, schizogony 
3 budding 
4. Conjugation
  1. Gametogony = sexual
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3
Q

Autotrophic

A

Ability to produce its own nutrients

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4
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Organism that must obtain its food

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5
Q

Holozoic

A

A heterotroph that ingests via mouth

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6
Q

Saprozoic

A

A heterotroph that absorbs nutrients through cell membrane

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7
Q

What is the classification of Protozoans

A 
Kingdom Protista 
Subkingdom Protozoa 
Phylum : Sarcomastigophora 
                Apicoomplexa 
                Ciliophora 
                Microspora
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8
Q

What Phylum under the Kingdom Protista does Giardia belong to?

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

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9
Q

In what two forms does Giardia exist?

A
  1. Trophozoite

2. Cyst

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10
Q

Discuss the morphology of trophozoites

A

Adhesive disk, 2 nuclei, 8 flagella

Pear shaped , flat dorsoventrally

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12
Q

Which giardia form is infective

A

Cyst

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13
Q

Discuss the morphology of a Giardia cyst

A

Oval, thick walled, refractile wall

Nuclei is less prominent than in trophozoites and occupy one end of the cyst

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15
Q

Describe the two forms of giardia.

A

Cyst = infective, 4 nuclei, oval and thick wall; found in formed feces

Trophozoite = motile, bilateral symmetry, flattened dorsoventrally, pear shaped,8 flagella, 2 nuclei, found in diarrhea

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16
Q

What kind of lifecycle does Giardia have?

A

Direct,no IH

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17
Q

Giardia lifecycle

A
  1. Cyst stage ingested - can survive in food/water for several months
  2. Excystation in duodenum
    - attach via adhesive disks to microvilli of epi cells in SI
  3. Trophozoites replicate via longitudinal binary fission
  4. Encyst meant in lower gi tract
    5 infective cysts passed in feces

Pre-patent period = 1 wk

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of Giardiasis?

A

Chronic infections
Intermittent diarrhea - loose and mucous, no blood
Majority asymptomatic

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19
Q

How can you dx giardia?

A

FF - to find cyst
Direct smear- find motile trophozoite
Elisa - if this is positive then we should be sent cysts on a fecal float

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20
Q

What preparation technique in a fecal will keep nuclei intact

A

Using zinc sulfate with iodine dye

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21
Q

What Phylum do Trichomonads belong to?

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

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22
Q

Trichomonads

How do they move? 2 ways

What is their supportive structure?

How do they reproduce?

What is the name of the form taken during extreme conditions?

A

Flagella, undulating membrane

Axostyle - which is similar to ventral groove in giardia

Longitudinal binary fission

Pseudocysts

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23
Q

What causes Bovine Genital Trichomonosis and Veneral Disease?

A

Tritrichomonas foetus - sexually transmitted

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24
Q

How does Bovine Trichomonosis affect birth in cattle?

A

Embryonic death and abortion

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25
Q

How do you dx trichomoniasis?

A

Preputial wash - sample from fornix and glans penis of bull

Or uterine/vaginal smears, placental fluid

PCR tells you species, differentiate infections from non infectious

Culture organism

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26
Q

What is large bowel disease?

A

feline trichomoniasis causes by

Tritrichomonas blagburni

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27
What clinical signs are seen with feline trichomoniasis?
Chronic diarrhea Flatulent Irritated anus Fecal incontinence
28
How is Feline Trichomoniasiis transmitted
Transmission is unknown
29
What are some unique features of feline trichomoniasis?
Chronic diarrhea Ave 9months age of onset Diarrhea may relapse Spontaneous resolution
30
What protozoan is a member of the Family Trypanosomaidae
Trypanosome cruzi
31
What is a parasite of all classes of vertebrates, majority transmitted by blood feeding invertebrates, but dont cause disease
Trypanosomes - Protozoans
32
What are the two general shapes of trypanosomes?
Elongated cell bodies with single flagella OR rounded cell body, short flagella
33
Trypomastigote
Stages of trypanosome - elongated cell body - single flagellum - blood stage - kinetoplast at cell posterior
34
Promastigote
Stages of trypanosome - elongated cell body - single flagellum - mainly insect vector - kinetoplast at cell anterior
35
Epimastigote
Stages of trypanosome - elongated cell body - single flagellum - some species - kinetoplast between nucleus and anterior
36
Amastigote
Stages of trypanosome - rounded cell body - short flagellum if present at all - some species
37
What is the vector of American Trypanosomiasis/ Chagas Dz -- Trypanosoma cruzi
Resuviid bug
38
What two stages of trypanosomes are seen in Trypanosoma cruzi?
Trypomastigote in circulating blood And Amastigote pseudocyts, in neural cells of muscles
39
What is the infective state of Trypanosoma cruzi?
Metacyclic trypomastigote
40
what is the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi?
IH = Reduviid bug DH = dogs, humans Reservoir hosts = cats, opossums, armadillos, raccoons, rads 1. IH Redivide bug bites DH, Metacyclic trypomastigotes = Infective stage passed in feces and enters wound 2. Trypomastigotes enter circulation and then cells of spleen, lymphs, muscles, liver 3. Transform into amastigote stage - replicate via binary fission forming pseudocysts 4. Cells rapture and trypomastigotes released into circulation or can reinfect the cell 5. Trypomastigotes get picked up IH and become epimastigotes via binary fission 6. Metacyclic tryptomastigotes apear in rectum and passed via feces
41
What animal is affected by American Trypanosomiasis?
Dogs via Trypanosome cruzi Mainly sporting dogs, working dogs
42
What are the features of American Trypanosomiasis Acute Dz
Trypanosoma cruzi Trypomastigotes in circulation - myocarditis - pale mm - lethargy - hepatomegaly - splenomegaly
43
What are the features of American Trypanosomiasis Chronic Dz
Trypanosoma cruzi No circulating trypomastigotes - dilated heart - arrrhythmia - lethargy - resp difficulties - anemia
44
How can Trypanosoma cruzi be dx?
Serological testing Blood smear Xenodiagnosis
45
What are the characteristics of Phylum Apicomplexa?
Distinct nucleus Movement = subpellicular tubules Apioccal complex
46
Name 2 orders under Phylum Apicomplexa
Order Eucoccidiia | Order Piroplasmida
47
Name the two Genera under Order Eucoccidiia that we studied
Genera Eimeria Genera Cystoisospora Both of these are considered coccidia which are part of Sporozoea due to producing a resistant spore-like cyst stage
48
Name 4 characteristics of Cystoisospora and Eimeria
1. Stenoxenous = host specificity, species specific 2. Site specificity = depending on species but usually SI or LI, rarely liver or kidney 3. Monoxenous = parasitism of one host, DH -Direct life cycle, no IH
49
What species are affected by Cytoisospora?
Dogs, cats Pigs Humans - severe in AIDS patients
50
What species are affected by Eimeria?
Bird, cattle, small ruminants Horses, rabbits rodents Pigs
51
What type of reproduction do Eimeria and Cystoisospora have?
Asexual = sporogony, schizogony (merogony) = multiple fission Sexual = gametogony
52
What is the infective stage of Cystoisospora Eimeria
Coccidian Both have sporuated oocyts = infective stage
53
Describe the life cycle of Cystoisospora and Eimeria
1. Sporolated oocyst = sporocyst ingested by host 2. Sporozoites excyst from sporocyst 3. Attach epithelial cells as trophozoite 4. Schizogony occurs within schizont = asexual reproduction 5. Merozoites form gametocytes 6. Gametogogny between macrogametocyte (female) and microgametocytes (male) 7. Zygote to Oocyst, oocytes released in feces 8. Oocytes undergoes sporogony = asexual reproduction in the environment 9. Sporocyst formed in environment = infective stage
54
What is the outcome of Sporogony for Cystoisospora
Within one oocyst 2 sporocysts produced | Inside each sporocyst = 4 sporozoites
55
What is the outcome of Sporogony for Eimeria
After sporogony, within one oocyst = 4 sporocysts | Inside each sporocyst = 2 sporozoites
56
How is coccidia trasmitted?
Sporulated oocyst from contaminated food, water, bedding, or litter
57
What are the two common causes of calf coccidiosis? What are three characteristics of this dz?
Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii Resistant oocysts Development in terminal ileum and colon Intracellullar
58
Which calf coccidiosis is easier to dx? And why? What reproductive stage causes most damage? What is the major damage?
Eimeria bovis - oocytes present when dz begins - Gametogony causes majority of damage. - causes mucosal damage
59
What calf coccidiosis is more severe? What reproductive phase causes most damage? How many phases does this dz have?
Eimeria zuernii - schizogony produces most damage - characterized by bloody diarrhea - acute phase = death common and mucosa destroyed - chronic phase blood loss abates diarrhea persists
60
Which coccidia studied is not zoonotic What are its clinical signs
Cystoisospora Occasional diarrhea, death Enteritis,colitis, weight loss, dehydration
61
What are common paratinic hosts of Cystoisospora
Mice, rats, hamsters, other vertebrate
62
Which 3 parasites belong to Phylum Apicomplexa, and are considered related to Coccidians?
Cryptosporidium Toxoplasma gondii Sarcocystis
63
What is the habitat of Cryptosporidium?
Intestines - microvillus border, intracelluar
64
What is the infective stage of Cryptosporidium?
Sporulated oocyst - containing 4 sporozoites | Thick resistant cyst wall
65
How is Cryptosporidium transmitted?
- direct contact with infective oocyst - mucosal scrapings or tissue homogenates - contamination - food or equipment - water **low infective doses, oocysts are small have significant resistance
66
What water processing methods are effective against Cryptosporidium?
``` Reverse osmosis Distilled Filtered using filter Steaming hot tea/coffee Pasteurized Canned/bottled soda ```
67
What parasite is characterized by yellow, profuse watery diarrhea in young calves?
Cryptosporidiosis
68
Lifecycle of Cryptosporidi
Exogenous 1. Sporulated oocyst (sporocyst) with 4 sporozoites released from infected host Endogenous 2. Sporocyst ingested 3. Sporozoite - trophozoite -- undergoes schizogony = asexual reproduction 4. Schizont release merozoites that can either reinfect host or differentiate to macro + microgametocytes 5. Gametogony occuse = sexual reproduction 6. Zygote formed, then oocyst with 4 sporozoites 7. Oocyst can either remain in host or be released as sporocyst Aka sporogony occurs in the host
69
Which member of Phylum Apicomplexa has a Felidae definitive host and IH encompassing virtually all mammals including humans
Toxoplasmosis
70
What are the two forms of transmission for Toxoplasmosis
Acquired -- via infective oocyst in feces or undercooked/raw food Congenital- transplacental transmission
71
What are the two stages of toxoplasma gondi? Where are they found? What are their grouped/surrounded phases called?
Tachyzoites = rapidly dividing, in liver, lungs, spleen, lymph nodes -pseudocyst = group of tachyzoites, NOT surrouded by cyst wall Bradyzoites = slowly dividing, found in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, eye -cyst = group of bradyzoites surrounded by resistant cyst wall
72
what are the 3 ways the DH can acquire toxoplasma gondii
DH = Felids 1. Sporulated oocyst from feces of other cats 2. Tachyzoite - congenital - through placenta 3. Bradyzoite - encysted in IH
73
What is the only way an IH can acquire Toxoplasma gondii
IH = mosts mammals Infected by sporulated oocyst
74
Discuss the lifecycle of Toxoplasma gondii
1. Cat ingests either sporulated oocyst, or ingests IH infected with bradyzoite, or congenital via placenta 2. Schizogonoy and gametogony occurs in intestines 3. Oocysts in feces
75
What stage of Toxoplasma gondii crosses placenta and affects fetus?
Tachyzoite
76
Discuss the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in the IH
1. IH ingested sporulated oocyst 2. Tachyzoites develop in any cell except RBC 3. Immunity develops 4. Bradyzoites develop cysts in host tissue - cycle may reinitiate after decline of immunity cycle
77
How to dx Toxoplasma gondii?
FF Serological examination Histology PCR
78
When does a cat shed Toxoplasma gondii?
No confirmed oocyst shedding in clinically ill cats -- only shed once Relapse can happen but often with immunosuppressed animals or concurrent infection with Isospora felis
79
Who are the carriers of Bovine Genetil Trichomonosis?
Bulls are chronic carriers and a symptomatic
80
How does the DH of Sarcocystis become infected? The IH?
DH = carnivores/predator ingests sarcocyst = tissue cysts in IH IH: herbivores/prey infected when grazing or ingest contaminated food/water with sporocyst
81
What does a Sarcocystis sporocyst look like?
4 long projections with residual body at the base
82
Describe the life cycle of Sarcocystis
1. DH ingests prey tissue w/ sarcocyst 2. Merozoites released 3. gametogony in DH intestine 4. Sporogony 5. Sporocysts released in feces 6. Sporocyst ingested by IH via grazing or contaminated food/water 7. Schizogony = Schizonts forms in endothelial cells of BV of brain, liver, kidney 8. Sarcocyst in IH skeletal and cardiac muscle await DH ingestion
83
What causes Dalmeny Disease in cattle?
Sarcocystis cruzi
84
What animal is a true intermediate host for Sarcocystis bertrami, S. Fayeri, S. Equicanis
Horse
85
What is the outcome of infection of Sarcocystis neurona to the horse?
In this case the horse is an aberrant host - Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis Causes CNS dz as schizonts develop in neural cells and destroy them Sarcocyst do not deveop
86
How to dx Sarcosporidiosis
FF Schizont in IH, sarcocysts via biopsy/necropsy Western blot PCR
87
What parasite is characterized by piroplasm invasive stages?
Cytauxzoon felis Phylum Apicomplexa Order Piroplasmida
88
Cytauzxoon felis DH IH/vector Reservoir host
DH: domestic cats IH/vector = Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma americanum = ticks Reservoir host = N. American bobcat
89
Discuss lifecycle of Cytauxzoon felis
1. Tick feeds on infected host = ingests piroplasm in erythrocyte 2. Piroplasm travel to salivary gland of tick = asexual reproduction 3. Infected tick feeds on DH - cats 4. In cat -- Piroplasm to schizont = schizogony occurs in macrophages 5. In cat - merozoites released when macrophages rupture. 6. Merozoite released when macrophage ruptures 7. Enter erythrocyte and develop into piroplasms.
90
Transstadial trasmission
Occurs in ticks that carry Cytauxzoon felis = pick up pathogen at a young stage and carries as it molts into adult
91
What phase of Cytauxzoon felis is most destructive?
Schizogenous phase - macrophages infected w/ schizonts block blood vessels, multi- organ failure
92
DX Cytauxzoon felis
Blood smears PCR Biopsy/necropsy Visceral organs histiocytes
93
Which member of Phylum Apicomplexa is known for the predator-prey relationship in its host
Sarcocystis spp
94
What clinical signs of Bovine Genital Trichomonosis is seen in cows?
``` Vaginitis Cervicitis Endometriosis Pyometra Mucopurulent discharge ```

Parasitology (4 decks)

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