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PARASITOLOGY NOTES > PROTOZOANS > Flashcards

PROTOZOANS Flashcards

1
Q

Ameba uses this for locomotion

A

pseudopodia

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2
Q

Most ameba inhabits (small/large) intestine.

A

Large

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3
Q

Entamoeba gingivalis inhabits ________.

A

mouth/oral cavity

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4
Q

Nucleus of ameba is _________ (has holes or spaces inside)

A

vesicular

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5
Q

The only pathogenic amebae

A

E. histolytica

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6
Q

motile or vegetative stage of protozoa

A

trophozoite

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7
Q

Trophozoites are seen in (formed/watery) stool.

A

watery

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8
Q

Trophozoites are (labile/resistant).

A

labile

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9
Q

This is used to stain protozoan trophozoites to visualize the nucleus

A

Methylene blue (Nair’s or Quensel’s)

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10
Q

Nonmotile stage of protozoa

A

Cyst

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11
Q

Cysts are (labile/resistant).

A

resistant

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12
Q

The infective stage for most ameba

A

Cyst

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13
Q

Immature cysts are termed as:

A

pre-cyst

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14
Q

Mature cysts are termed as:

A

metacysts

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15
Q

Most cysts are seen in (watery/formed) stool.

A

formed

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16
Q

Cysts are usually stained with _________.

A

Lugol’s Iodine and D’Antoni’s iodine

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17
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Trophozoites are stained with Lugol’s iodine.

A

FALSE

Note:
Iodine is toxic to trophozoites

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18
Q

Cyst to trophozoite

A

Excystation

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19
Q

Trophozoite to cyst

A

Encystation

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20
Q

In the process of excystation, pH must be:

A

alkaline/neutral

NOTE: acidic pH does not favor formation of trophozoites

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21
Q

Pathogenic ameba multiplies by means of ________.

A

binary fission

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22
Q

E. histolytica habitat

A

large intestine

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23
Q

no. of nucleus of E. histolytica trophozoite

A

1

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24
Q

no. of nucleus of E. histolytica cyst

A

4

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25
Q

E. histolytica karyosome

A

centrally located

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26
Q

E. histolytica peripheral chromatin

A

Fine, evenly distributed

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27
Q

E. histolytica has ___________ appearance of pseudopodia

A

Finger-like

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28
Q

This structure present in E. histolytica indicates presence of ingested red blood cells

A

Hematophagus

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29
Q

This serves as food reserves or energy stores of E. histolytica cyst

A

Chromatoidal bar

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30
Q

Shape of chromatoidal bar of E. histolytica cyst

A

sausage/cigar-shaped

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31
Q

E. histolytica troph motility

A

unidirectional, progressive

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32
Q

E. histolytica is most prevalent in (temperate/tropical) regions

A

tropical

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33
Q

E. histolytica grows at what temp

A

37 degC

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34
Q

previously referred to as Laredo strain

A

E. moshkovskii

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35
Q

E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, and E. bagladeshi are all non pathogenic E. histolytica look-alikes. They all grow at what temperature?

A

room temp

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36
Q

What virulence factor of E. histolytica is used for attachment

A

Gal/GalNAc lectin

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37
Q

What virulence factor of E. histolytica is used to create holes on lining of large intestine

A

Amebapores

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38
Q

What virulence factor of E. histolytica is used for tissue disruption and spread of infection (allows penetration)

A

cysteine proteases

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39
Q

drug of choice for symptomatic cases of E. histolytica infection

A

Metronidazole

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40
Q

drug of choice for asymptomatic cases of E. histolytica infection

A

Diloxanide furoate

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41
Q

no. of nucleus of E. coli troph

A

1

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42
Q

no. of nucleus of E. coli cyst

A

up to 8

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43
Q

E. coli karyosome

A

eccentric

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44
Q

E. coli peripheral chromatin

A

coarse, rough

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45
Q

Appearance of E. coli troph include (dirty-looking/fine) cytoplasm.

A

dirty-looking

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46
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

E. coli troph has blunt, wider appearance of pseudopodia

A

TRUE

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47
Q

Broom stick/splinter chromatoidal bar

A

E. coli

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48
Q

E. coli motility

A

non-progressive, multi/non-directional

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49
Q

Small race of E. histolytica

A

E. hartmanni

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50
Q

no. of nucleus of E. hartmanni troph

A

1

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51
Q

no. of nucleus of E. hartmanni cyst

A

1-2

NOTE: Mature cysts may have 1-4

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52
Q

E. hartmanni karyosome

A

centrally located

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53
Q

E. hartmanni peripheral chromatin:

A. dirty-looking
B. fine, evenly distributed

A

B. fine, evenly distributed

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54
Q

diffuse, glycogen vacuole/mass

A

E. hartmanni

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55
Q

E. hartmanni motility

A

sluggish, non-progressive

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56
Q

The ameba of pigs and monkeys

A

E. polecki

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57
Q

E. polecki is the most common parasite in which country?

A

Papua New Guinea

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58
Q

E. polecki is an example of this type of infection which pertains to infections that can be passed from animals to humans

A

Zoonotic infection

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59
Q

no. of nucleus of E. polecki troph

A

1

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60
Q

no. of nucleus of E. polecki cyst

A

1

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61
Q

E. polecki karyosome:

A. centrally located
B. eccentric

A

A. centrally located

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62
Q

Angular/pointed chromatoidal bar

A

E. polecki

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63
Q

E. polecki motility

A

unidirectional, progressive, sluggish

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64
Q

This entamoeba infection is seen in apes and monkeys

A

E. chattoni

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65
Q

The smallest intestinal amebae

A

E. nana

NOTE:
as small as RBCs (6-8 um)

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66
Q

E. nana is (commensal/pathogenic).

A

commensal

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67
Q

no. of nucleus of E. nana troph

A

1

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68
Q

no. of nucleus of E. nana cyst

A

4

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69
Q

large, irregular, “blot-like” karyosome is characteristic of what protozoa

A

E. nana

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70
Q

Oval, cross-eyed cyst is characteristic of which protozoa:

A

E. nana

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71
Q

E. nana troph motility

A

unidirectional, non-progressive, sluggish

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72
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

I. butschlii is ameba of swines.

A

TRUE

NOTE:
Swines/pigs

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73
Q

no. of nucleus of I. butschlii troph

A

1

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74
Q

no. of nucleus of I. butschlii cyst

A

1

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75
Q

I. butschlii karyosome

A. centrally located
B. eccentric

A

B. eccentric

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76
Q

I. butschlii peripheral chromatin

A

none

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77
Q

Which protozoa has the characteristic “basket of flowers” appearance

A

I. butschlii

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78
Q

The glycogen vacuole of I. butschlii is visualized through the use of which stain?

A

Iodine

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79
Q

I. butschlii motility

A

sluggish, non-progressive

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80
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

E. gingivalis has a cyst stage.

A

FALSE

NOTE: Only trophozoite stage

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81
Q

Protozoa seen in cases of pyorrhea alveolaris

A

E. gingivalis

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82
Q

no. of nucleus E. gingivalis troph

A

1

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83
Q

E. gingivalis peripheral chromatin

A

fine, evenly distributed

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84
Q

E. gingivalis is capable of ingesting which type of cells?

A

White blood cells

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85
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Most cases of E. histolytica infections are asymptomatic.

A

TRUE

NOTE: 90% of cases

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86
Q

Incubation period of E. histolytica infection

A

1-4 weeks

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87
Q

Which protozoa is associated with formation of flask-shaped ulcers

A

E. histolytica

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88
Q

Protozoa associated with tenesmus

A

E. histolytica

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89
Q

Protozoa associated with liver aspirates compared to anchovy sauce

A

E. histolytica

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90
Q

Extraintestinal diseases caused by E. histolytica

A

Amebic Liver Abscess
Cutaneous Amebiasis
Secondary Amebic Meningoencephalitis

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91
Q

Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:

Fishy smell of stool

A

Amebiasis

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92
Q

Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:

involves high grade fever

A

Bacterial dysentery

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93
Q

Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:

Charcot Leyden crystals present

A

Amebiasis

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94
Q

Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:

Numerous number of WBCs

A

Bacterial dysentery

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95
Q

Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:

No foul-smelling stool involved

A

Bacterial dysentery

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96
Q

Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:

Marked frequency of passing of stool

A

Bacterial dysentery

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97
Q

Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:

Fresh blood in stool

A

Bacterial dysentery

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98
Q

Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:

Gradual onset

A

Amebiasis

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99
Q

Free-living pathogenic amebae are (obligate/facultative).

A

Facultative

NOTE: Has free-living and parasitic phase

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100
Q

Two primary free-living pathogenic amebae

A

Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba spp.

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101
Q

Family of Naegleria fowleri

A

Vahlkampfidae

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102
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Naegleria fowleri has an ameba and flagellate form.

A

TRUE

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103
Q

The only Naegleria spp. that can infect humans

A

Naegleria fowleri

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104
Q

Naegleria fowleri thrive best in hot springs and other warm aquatic environments. This is termed as:

A

thermophilic

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105
Q

N. fowleri troph replicate by:

A

promitosis

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106
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

N. fowleri cyst is found only in the environment.

A

TRUE

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107
Q

N. fowleri number of anterior flagella in ameboflagellate form

A

2

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108
Q

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis is caused by which protozoan?

A

N. fowleri

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109
Q

CSF analysis for is (specific/non-specific) for N. fowleri identification.

A

Non-specific

110
Q

INCREASED or DECREASED in N. fowleri infection:

a. CSF glucose
b. protein
c. White blood cells

A

a. decreased
b. increased
c. increased

111
Q

drug of choice for N. fowleri infection

A

Amphotericin B with clotrimazole

112
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

In N. fowleri infection, most people die even before effective treatment

A

TRUE

113
Q

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis is similar (indistinguishable) from which disease?

A

Bacterial meningitis

114
Q

Most common species Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

115
Q

Most common species Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

116
Q

This free-living amebae can survive even in contact lens solution

A

Acanthamoeba spp.

117
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. can serv as reservoir hosts for medically important bacteria including:

A

Legionella spp., Mycobacteria, E. coli

118
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. infective stage

A

Troph and cysts

119
Q

Karyosome of Acanthamoeba trophozoite is (centrally located/eccentric).

A

Centrally located

120
Q

Thorn-like appendages is characteristic of which protozoa?

A

Acanthamoeba spp.

121
Q

Acanthamoeba spp:

Inner wall:
Outer wall:

A

Inner: polygonal
Outer: wrinkled

122
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. eats (gram-negative/gram-positive) bacteria

A

Gram-negative

123
Q

Acanthamoeba Keratitis may be mistaken for which disease?

A

Herpes keratitis

NOTE:
Herpes keratitis: no ocular pain
Acanthamoeba keratitis: severe ocular pain

124
Q

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis is associated with which parasite?

A

Acanthamoeba spp.
Balamuthia mandrillaris*

125
Q

Corneal scrapings for Acanthamoeba ID is stained with _____.

A

Calcofluor white

126
Q

Cutaneous lesions (presence of hard erythematous nodules) may be caused by which free-living pathogenic amebae?

A

Acanthamoeba spp.

127
Q

Main virulence factor of N. fowleri

A

Amebostomes (food cups)

NOTE:

Other virulence factor include lytic enzymes, pore-forming proteins, induction of apoptosis and direct feeding of ameba

128
Q

Family of Balamuthia mandrillaris

A

Leptomyxidae

129
Q

Characteristic wavy appearance of cysts is associated with which free-living amebae?

A

Balamuthia mandrillaris

130
Q

B. mandrillaris trophozoites appearance

A

branching

131
Q

Free-living amebae that can cause amebic encephalitis

A

N. fowleri (PAM)
Acanthamoeba spp. (GAE)
Sappinia diploidea
Hartmanella vermiformis

132
Q

Intestinal flagellate that inhabit the small intestine

A

Giardia lamblia

133
Q

Most intestinal flagelates inhabits?

A

Large intestine

134
Q

T. tenax inhabits which part of the body?

A

Mouth

135
Q

Intestinal flagellates that do not undergo encystation

A

T. vaginalis
D. fragilis

136
Q

Intestinal flagellates reproduce by means of:

A

binary fission

137
Q

Other names of G. lamblia

A

G. intestinalis, G. duodenalis

138
Q

IS of G. lamblia

A

cyst

139
Q

Reservoir hosts of G. lamblia

A

Beavers

140
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

G. lamblia has low infective dose

A

TRUE

NOTE:
Need to ingest only 8-10 cysts

141
Q

G. lamblia prefers what pH?

A

Alkaline

142
Q

no. of nucleus G. lamblia troph

A

2 (ovoidal)

143
Q

no. of nucleus G. lamblia cyst

A

4

144
Q

Identify the parasite associated with:

Old man’s face with eyeglasses

A

G. lamblia

145
Q

Shape of G. lamblia troph

A

Pear/Pyriform

146
Q

Main virulence factor of G. lamblia

A

ventral sucking disc

147
Q

how many pairs of flagella does the G. lamblia trophozoite possess?

A

4 pairs

NOTE:
1 pair anterior
2 pairs lateral
1 pair posterior

148
Q

Energy structures of G. lamblia is pertained to as:

A

Parabasal bodies

149
Q

Parabasal bodies of G. lamblia troph is characterized by ______________ shape.

A

Clawhammer

150
Q

Gay Bowel Syndrome is associated with which intestinal flagellate?

A

G. lamblia

151
Q

Rotten eggs odor of stool is associated with which protozoa?

A

G. lamblia

152
Q

Blood type at higher risk for contracting Giardiasis

A

A

153
Q

Drug of choice for G. lamblia infection

A

Metronidazole

154
Q

To prevent Giardiasis, water must be cleansed with?

A

Iodine

NOTE: Chlorine cannot kill cysts

155
Q

G. lamblia reproduction is via:

A

binary fission

156
Q

Transmission of Giardia can occur via which helminth eggs?

A

Ascaris, Enterobius

157
Q

D. fragilis is a:

A. Ameba
B. Flagellate
C. Ameboflagellate

A

C. Ameboflagellate

158
Q

IS of D. fragilis

A

Troph

159
Q

Habitat of D. fragilis

A

Large intestine

160
Q

D. fragilis MOT

A

Oral-fecal

161
Q

D. fragilis is closely related to which parasite?

A

Trichomonas

162
Q

Helminth eggs that act as carriers of D. fragilis

A

Ascaris, Enterobius

163
Q

D. fragilis reproduce via:

A

Binary fission

164
Q

No. of nuclei D. fragilis

A

2

NOTE: DIentamoeba

165
Q

Characteristic appearance of D. fragilis karyosome

A

Rosette

166
Q

D. fragilis is (labile/resistant).

A

LABILE

NOTE: FRAGILE = fragilis

167
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

D. fragilis has no visible flagella

A

TRUE

168
Q

Appearance of D.fragilis pseudopodia

A

Angular

169
Q

D. fragilis troph motility

A

Non-progressive

170
Q

In diagnosing D. fragilis infection, specimen are fixed with?

A

PVA or Schaudinn’s

171
Q

drug of choice for D. fragilis infection

A

Iodoquinol

172
Q

IS of C. mesnili

A

cyst

173
Q

Excystation of C. mesnili happens in the (small/large) intestine

A

small

174
Q

no. of nucleus C. mesnili troph

A

1

175
Q

no. of nucleus C.mesnili cyst

A

1

176
Q

Twisted jaw appearance of trophozoite is associated with which parasite?

A

C. mesnili

177
Q

American lemon appearance of cyst is associated with which parasite?

A

C. mesnili

178
Q

no. of flagella C. mesnili troph

A

4

NOTE:

3 anterior
1 near cytostome

179
Q

Cytostomal fibril of C. mesnili has a characteristic _______ appearance

A

Shepherd’s crook

180
Q

The protruding structure of C. mesnili is termed as:

A

Hyaline knob

181
Q

Boring, rotary, corkscrew troph motility is associated with?

A

C. mesnili

182
Q

Enteromonas hominis has a similar life cycle to which parasite?

A

C. mesnili
R. intestinalis

183
Q

IS of E. hominis

A

Cyst

184
Q

no. of nucleus E. hominis troph

A

1

185
Q

no. of nucleus E. hominis cyst

A

2-4

186
Q

no. of flagella E. hominis troph

A

4

NOTE:
3 anterior
1 posterior

187
Q

E. hominis troph motility

A

Jerky

188
Q

IS of R. intestinalis

A

Cyst

189
Q

no. of nucleus R. intestinalis troph

A

1

190
Q

no. of nucleus R. intestinalis cyst

A

1

191
Q

R. intestinalis cytostome appearance

A

cleft-like

192
Q

No. of flagella R. intestinalis troph

A

2

NOTE:
1 anterior
1 posterior

193
Q

R. intestinalis cyst shape

A

pear-shaped/slightly lemon-shape

194
Q

R. intestinalis cytostomal fibril (cyst) appearance

A

Bird’s beak

195
Q

R. intestinalis troph motility

A

Jerky

196
Q

Pathogenic and largest among urogenital flagellates

A

T. vaginalis

197
Q

Trichomoniasis causative agent

A

T. vaginalis

198
Q

T. vaginalis MOT

A

sexual contact
infant delivery (during delivery only)

199
Q

T. vaginalis reproduction is via:

A

longitudinal binary fission

200
Q

The most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection

A

T. vaginalis

201
Q

No. of nucleus T. vaginalis troph

A

1

202
Q

T. vaginalis troph appearance

A

pyriform, pear-shaped

203
Q

no. of flagella T. vaginalis troph

A

5

NOTE:
4 anterior
1 embedded in undulating membrane

204
Q

Wave-like structure of T. vaginalis that functions for motility is termed as:

A

Undulating membrane

205
Q

Undulating membrane of T. vaginalis is ____ of body length.

A

1/2

206
Q

The undulating membrane of T. vaginalis is attached to the body of parasite via:

A

Costa

207
Q

T vaginalis has paraxostylar granules or ______.

A

siderophil granules

208
Q

T. vaginalis troph motility

A

Jerky tumbling

209
Q

T. vaginalis incubation period

A

4-28 days

210
Q

Symptomatic cases of Trichomoniasis occurs in (females/males).

A

Females

NOTE:
About 70% symptomatic (females)
Males: asymptomatic

211
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Atypical pelvic inflammatory disease caused by T. vaginalis can lead to sterility.

A

TRUE

212
Q

Strawberry cervix is associated with which parasite?

A

T. vaginalis

213
Q

Infants infected by T. vaginalis can get which disease?

A

Neonatal pneumonia

214
Q

T. vaginalis virulence factor that is used to bind to vaginal epithelial cells

A

Adhesins

215
Q

T. vaginalis thrives in what pH?

A

Alkaline

216
Q

T. vaginalis has a symbiotic relationship with which bacteria?

A

Mycoplasma hominis

217
Q

Drug of choice for Trichomoniasis

A

Metronidazole

218
Q

Pentatrichomonas hominis former name

A

Trichomonas hominis

219
Q

no. of nucleus P. hominis troph

A

1

220
Q

no. of flagella P. hominis troph

A

5

NOTE:
4 anterior
1 posterior

221
Q

P. hominis cytostome is described as?

A

Conical

222
Q

P. hominis undulating membrane occupies ____ of body length

A

whole/full

223
Q

P. hominis troph motility

A

Jerky

224
Q

T. tenax habitat

A

mouth

225
Q

Smallest among Trichomonas spp.

A

T. tenax

226
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

T. tenax is resistant in changing temp

A

TRUE

227
Q

Drug of choice in treating T. tenax

A

Metronidazole

228
Q

no. of nucleus T. tenax troph

A

1

229
Q

T. tenax appearance

A

Pyriform

230
Q

no. of flagella T. tenax troph

A

5

NOTE:
4 anterior
1 posterior

231
Q

T. tenax undulating membrane occupies _______ of body length.

A

2/3

232
Q

T. tenax motility

A

Jerky

233
Q

Largest protozoan infecting man

A

B. coli

234
Q

Most common reservoir hosts of B. coli

A

Pigs

235
Q

The only ciliate known to cause human disease

A

B. coli

236
Q

no. of nuclei B. coli troph

A

2

Macro, micro

237
Q

B. coli nucleus for sexual reproduction

A

Micronucleus

238
Q

B. coli nucleus for asexual reproduction and vegetative function

A

Macronucleus

239
Q

B. coli macronucleus shape

A

Kidney-shaped

240
Q

no. of nucleus B. coli cyst

A

2

241
Q

B. coli troph shape

A

Ellipsoid, tapered in anterior portion

242
Q

E. coli cyst shape

A

spherical/ovoidal

243
Q

Oral apparatus of B. coli is termed?

A

Cytostome

244
Q

Anus of B. coli is termed?

A

Cytopyge

245
Q

Contractile vacuoles of B. coli troph functions for?

A

Osmoregulation

246
Q

B. coli cyst is (single-walled/double-walled).

A

Double walled

247
Q

Cilia of B. coli is (inside/outside) the cyst wall

A

Inside

248
Q

B. coli troph motility

A

Thrown-ball

249
Q

B. coli incubation period

A

4-5 days

250
Q

Balantidial Dysentery is associated with which parasite?

A

B. coli

251
Q

Wide and rounded flask-shaped ulcers

A

B. coli

252
Q

B. coli virulence factor

A

hyaluronidase

253
Q

Three clinical manifestations of B. coli

A

Asymptomatic
Acute
Chronic

254
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

B. coli may cause extraintestinal spread

A

TRUE

255
Q

B. hominis belong to what group?

A

Stramenopiles

256
Q

B. hominis is previously known as?

A

Blastomyces

257
Q

IS of B. hominis

A

cyst

258
Q

most prdominant form of B. hominis

A

Classic vacuolated form

259
Q

Morphologic forms of B. hominis

A

Classic vacuolated
Granular
Multivacuolar
Avacuolar
Ameboid
Cyst

260
Q

Most common subtype of B. hominis infecting men

A

subtype 3

261
Q

Malarial parasites belong to what phylum?

A

Apicomplexa

262
Q

Sexual stage/cycle of malarial parasites is termed as?

A

Sporogony

263
Q

Asexual stage/cycle of malarial parasites is termed as:

A

Schizogony

264
Q

Vector of malarial parasites

A

Female Anopheles minimus flavirostris

265
Q

IH of Plasmodium

A

Man

266
Q

Plasmodium FH

A

Mosquito (Female Anopheles minimus flavirostris)

267
Q

Plasmodium habitat in man

A

Liver and red blood cells

268
Q

Plasmodium IS to man:

A

Sporozoites

269
Q

Plasmodium IS to mosquito:

A

Gametocytes

270
Q

Plasmodium MOT

A

Mosquito bite
Blood transfusion
Congenital

PARASITOLOGY NOTES (1 decks)

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