Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

🖤 MT639 > protozoan > Flashcards

protozoan Flashcards

1
Q

Protozoans are under Phylum __

A

Sarcomastigophora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Protozoans are classified as __, __, __, __

A

intestinal / lumen-dwelling amoeba, free-living amoeba, atrial flagellates, hemoflagellates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Amoebae are under Sub-phylum __

A

sarcodina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Flagellates are under Sub-phylum __

A

mastigophora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Amoebae are characterized by presence of foot-like projections called __

A

pseudopodia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Flagellates are characterized by presence of __

A

whip-like flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pseudopodia of amoebae serves as __

A

locomotory structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

important amoebae(s) in humans

A

entamoeba, naegleria, acanthamoeba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

commensals of amoeba

A

e. coli, e. dispar, e. gingivalis, e. hartmanni, e. moshkovskii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pathogenic amoeba

A

e. histolytica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

species of genus entamoeba capable of infecting man

A

e. histolytica, e. coli, e. dispar, e. gingivalis, e. hartmani, e. moshkovskii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

zoonotic protozoan of pigs and monkeys

A

e. polecki

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

t/f
e. polecki infections are symptomatic and seldom may cause diarrhea

A

f (asymptomatic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

free-living protozoans found mainly in freshwater

A

naegleria, acanthamoeba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

entamoeba(s) that are hard to differentiate with each other

A

e. histolytica, e. dispar, e. moshkovski, e. hartmanni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

small race of e. histolytica

A

e. hartmanni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

all entamoeba are lumen-dwelling (intestinal) except __

A

e. gingivalis (mouth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

all entamoeba are non-pathogenic except __

A

e. histolytica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

infective stage of most entamoeba

A

cyst (except e. gingivalis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

first to describe e. histolytica

A

losch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

species-complex amoeba considered to cause amoebic dysentery and liver abscess

A

e. histolytica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

parasite of PAM (brain, meninges)

A

naegleria fowleri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

parasite of GAM (lungs, skin, brain)

A

Acanthamoeba spp and Balamuthia mandrillaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

parasite of acantamoeba keratitis (eyes, cornea)

A

acantamoeba spp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

parasite of amoebiasis (liver, lungs)

A

e. histolytica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

parasite of giardiasis (bile duct, gallbladder)

A

giardia duodenalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

parasite of trichomoniasis (prostate, seminal vesicles)

A

trichomonas vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

[e histolytica]
diameter
troph:
cyst:

A

12-60; 10-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

[e histolytica: t]
motility

A

active, rapid, progressive, unidirectional;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

[e histolytica]
karyosome
troph:
cyst:

A

small, central; small, eccentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

[e histolytica]
permanent stain
troph:
cyst:

A

trichrome stain & iron hematoxylin; iron hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

[e histolytica: t]
characteristics with iron hematoxylin stain

A

cytoplasm: grayish
nuclear structures: bluish black
erythrocytes: similar stain
RBC: progressively paler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

[e histolytica: t]
characteristics with trichrome stain

A

cytoplasm: green (occasionally light pink)
nuclear structures: dark red
erythrocytes: cherry red or green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

presence of ingested RBC in e. histolytica trophozoites is called __

A

hematophagous trophozoite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

[e histolytica]
pre-cyst characteristics

A

single rounded nucleus, absence of ingested material, lack of cyst wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

dead or degenerated parasite has a ___ appearance

A

swiss cheese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

t/f
structures of amoeba change when kept too long at room temperature

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

t/f
phagocytic stomata are not present in e. histolytica

A

false (presence of 2 stomatas: small endocytic - phagocytosis & larger stomata - pinocytosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

immature cysts are found in what stage

A

pre-cystic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

characteristics of an immature cyst

A

yellow stained glycogen mass (reddish brown w/ iodine stain)
highly refractile chromatoidal bars (rounded edges)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

chromatoidal shape of e. histolytica

A

rod-like / cigar-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

[e. histolytica]
most common form of infection

A

intestinal amoebiasis (asymptomatic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

cycle of e. histolytica

A

ingestion
excystation (cyst to trophozoite; small intestine)
binary fission (large intestine)
encystation (trophozoite to cyst; intestinal tract)
“round up” (resistant cyst stage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

susceptibility of humans to e. histolytica is associated with __

A

specific alleles of HLA complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

[e histolytica]
determining factors of the degree of invasion

A

number of ingested cysts
pathogenic capacity of strain
host immunity
presence of enteric bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

patient supplemented with __ and those __ patients may provoke amoebic colitis

A

corticosteroid; severely burned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

[e. histolytica]
symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis with presentation of blood and mucus in stools

A

amoebic dysentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

[e. histolytica]
symptomatic intestinal infection / inflammation

A

amoebic colitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

mortality cases are high among __ women in relation with the amoebic severity and __ stress

A

pregnant; maternal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

degrades of host proteins; enables attachment to the gut; degrades mucus and debris; stimulates host cell proteolytic cascades

A

cysteine proteinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

responsible for cellular adherence, contact-dependent toxicity, resistance to host complement, and cell endocytosis

A

gal/galNAc-binding lectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

forms ion channels in the phagocytized bacteria and eukaryotic cells

A

amoebapores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

trophozoites of a virulent strain of e. histolytica kills normal human polumorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages in vitro

A

cytophagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

symptomatic infections of e. histolytica

A

intestinal amoebiasis
- dysenteric
- nondysenteric colitis
extraintestinal amoebiasis
- hepatic (acute nonsuppurative & liver abscess)
- pulmonary
- other faci na rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

painful spasms of anal sphincter; sign of rectal ulceration

A

tenesmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

penetration of muscularis mucosae into the submucosa; flask-shaped ulceration

A

amoeba penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

used to differentiate amoebic from bacillary dysentery

A

sigmoidoscopic examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

laboratory diagnosis of e. histolytica infection should be substantiated by

A

presence of RBC in the stool
serum antibody titer
stool e. histolytica antigen titer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

routine diagnosis of e. histolytica / amoebiasis

A

microscopic examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

best way to diagnose e. histolytica is by a combination of __ and __

A

stool antigen detection; serology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

serologic techniques

A

iha
elisa
eia
pcr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

staining used to locate organisms within the tissues

A

periodic-acid shift (PAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

allows accurate morphological demonstration of trophozoites

A

hematoxylin and eosin staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

countries where e. histolytica is most prevalent

A

SE Asia, SE and W Africa, Central and South America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

e. histolytica and e. dispar infection is observed in __

A

men who have sex with men

54
Q

how can cysts be killed even though they are resistant

A

by drying, by temperatures over 55C, by superchlorination / addition of iodine

55
Q

treatment for invasive disease

A

metronidazole / tinidazole

56
Q

treatment for intestinal (luminal) infection

A

paromomycin
diloxanide furoate (furamide)

56
Q

first line treatment of hepatic abscess

A

metronidazole / tinidazole

57
Q

water can be readily disinfected by __ and __

A

boiling; treatment with iodine

57
Q

who proposed that e. histolytica is a complex specie

A

emile brumpt (1925)

57
Q

t/f
e. histolytica is a noninvasive specie, while e. dispar and e. moshkovskii are invasive

A

f (other way around)

58
Q

capable of causing focal intestinal lesions in experimental animals

A

e. dispar

58
Q

nine times more prevalent than e. histolytica

A

e. dispar

59
Q

detection rates and specificity have been greatly improved by __

A

PCR assays

59
Q

dispar means __

A

different

59
Q

[e. hartmanni]
size
troph:
cyst:

A

3-12; 4-10

59
Q

t/f
e. hartmanni ingest bacteria and RBC

A

f (bacteria lang, no RBCs ingested)

59
Q

[e. coli]
size
troph:
cyst:

A

15-50; 10-35

60
Q

[e. coli: t]
motility

A

sluggish, nondirectional, nonprogressive;

61
Q

nucleus of histolytica (cyst)

A

4 nuclei

62
Q

[e. coli]
nucleus
troph:
cyst:

A

1; 8

63
Q

karyosome of e. coli

A

large, irregular-shaped, eccentric

63
Q

cytoplasm: finely granular with few bacterial inclusions and debris

A

e. histolytica

63
Q

cytoplasm: granular, frequently containing many vacuoles (contains bacteria)

A

e. coli

63
Q

shape of chromatoidal bodies in e. coli

A

splinter-shaped, rarely ribbon / thread-like, witchbroom

63
Q

first parasitic amoeba described in humans

A

e. gingivalis

63
Q

multiplies in bronchial mucus; appears in the sputum (commonly mistaken for e. histo)

A

e. gingivalis

64
Q

e. gingivalis is most frequently recovered from mouths of patients suffering from __

A

pyorrhea alveolaris

64
Q

[e. gingivalis]
size

A

5-15

65
Q

t/f
e. gingivalis forms cysts

A

f (no cyst sis!)

65
Q

e. gingivalis is the only species that ingests __

A

nuclear fragments from the leukocytes

65
Q

cytoplasm may contain bacteria and occasional red cells; frequently filled with portions of ingested leukocytes

A

e. gingivalis

66
Q

pseudopodia of e. gingivalis is

A

lobose, long, and blunt

67
Q

e. gingivalis nucleus and karyosome:

A

mononucleated; small central

67
Q

first reported as intestinal parasite of pigs and monkeys

A

e. polecki

67
Q

organism morphologically identical to e. polecki

A

e. chattoni

68
Q

[e. polecki]
nucleus
troph:
cyst:

A

single (occasionally visible); single (rarely binucleate/quadrinucleate

68
Q

t/f
iodamoeba and endolimax are pathogenic and requires treatment

A

f (nonpathogenic; does not require treatment)

68
Q

molecular techniques including __ and __ are widely utilized for accurate diagnosis of entamoeba species

A

polymerase chain reaction; nucleotide sequencing

69
Q

cyst of __ are usually larger than those of __ and __

A

entamoeba; endolimax/iodamoeba

70
Q

shape of endolimax

A

spherical / ovoid

71
Q

shape of iodamoeba

A

irregular shape

71
Q

single nucleus seen at one side of glycogen vacuole

A

iodamoeba butschlii

71
Q

“basket nucleus” (for both troph and cyst)

A

iodamoeba butschlii

71
Q

has prominent glycogen vacuoles

A

iodamoeba butschlii

71
Q

[i. butschlii]
size
troph:
cyst:

A

9-14; 6-16

71
Q

[i. butschlii: t]
motility

A

sluggish, nonprogressive;

72
Q

[i. butschlii]
karyosome
troph:
cyst:

A

large, more or less central, irregularly rounded; eccentric

73
Q

iodamoeba butschlii cyst

A

mononucleated

74
Q

large glycogen vacuole distinct in the cytoplasm

A

iodamoeba butschlii

75
Q

cyst prone to collapse (bc of large glycogen vacuole

A

iodamoeba butschlii

75
Q

most common of the smaller intestinal amoeba

A

e. nana

75
Q

[e. nana]
size
troph:
cyst:

A

5-12 both

75
Q

cytoplasm contains food vacuoles with ingested bacteria

A

e. nana

75
Q

GAE is caused by __

A

acanthamoeba

75
Q

concentration that shrinks the cytoplasm of e. nana

A

zinc sulfate concentration

75
Q

acute, fulminant, rapidly infection involving the CNS

A

primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

75
Q

observed as human symbionts

A

free-living amoeba

75
Q

PAM is caused by __

A

naegleria

75
Q

acanthamoeba belongs to family

A

acanthamoebidae

75
Q

ovoid / spherical cyst

A

e. nana

75
Q

amoeboflagellates able to temporarily assume a flagellate form while being completely devoid of flagella in the amoeboid stage

A

family vahlkamfiidae

75
Q

never produce flagella

A

family acanthamoebidae

76
Q

[e. nana]
karyosome

A

large, central / eccentris

76
Q

naegleria belongs to family

A

vahlkampfiidae

77
Q

more chronic and are associated among immunodeficient individuals

A

Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) or Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis (GAE)

77
Q

brain-eating amoeba

A

naegleria fowleri

78
Q

t/f
trophozoites and cysts occur in tissues in naegleria infections, while only trophozoites appear in tissues in acanthamoeba and balamuthia infections

A

f (trophozoites only - naegleria; trophozoites and cysts - acanthamoeba and balamuthia)

78
Q

who first recognized the disease caused by n. fowleri

A

dr. malcom fowler

78
Q

life cycle stages of n. fowleri

A

trophozoitie, flagellated, cyst

78
Q

n. fowleri access the cns of the host through __

A

inhalation

79
Q

2 forms of n. fowleri trophozoite

A

amoeboid and flagellated

80
Q

[n. fowleri]
size
troph (a):
troph (f):
cyst:

A

7-35; 7-15; 7-15

80
Q

[n. fowleri: t]
motility

A

a: sluggish
f: spinning / jerky

81
Q

nucleus of n. fowleri (2t and c)

A

mononucleated

82
Q

karyosome of n. fowleri (2t and c)

A

large, centrally located

82
Q

two occasions where acanthamoeba is associated with human infection

A

CNS and corneal infection

82
Q

fully active at room temp

A

n. fowleri

82
Q

cytoplasm of n. fowleri (2t and c)

A

granular and vacuolated

82
Q

at __ temp, maximum enflagellation occurs in __ to __ hours

A

37C; 4-5

82
Q

drug of considerable toxicity used to treat PAM

A

amphotericin B

83
Q

acanthamoeba infects __ when in contact with skin ulcerations / traumatic penetration

A

CNS

84
Q

causative agents of GAE

A

acanthamoeba and balamuthia

85
Q

first noted as contaminant in tissue cultures

A

acanthamoeba

86
Q

produces lethal meningoencephalitis on nasal instillation into mice and other animals

A

acanthamoeba

87
Q

ubiquitous, free-living amoeba found in air, soil, water, and dust

A

acanthamoeba

87
Q

specie of acanthamoeba most often seen in cases of GAE and ocular infection

A

a. castellani

88
Q

specie of acanthamoeba most often seen in cases of GAE

A

a. culbertsoni

88
Q

specie of acanthamoeba most often seen in cases ocular infection

A

a. polyphaga

88
Q

[acanthamoeba]
size
troph:
cyst:

A

15-45; 8-25

88
Q

[acanthamoeba]
nucleus (t and c)

A

mononucleated

88
Q

[acanthamoeba]
karyosome (t and c)

A

large, centrally located

88
Q

[acanthamoeba]
cytoplasm (t and c)

A

granular and vacuolated

89
Q

[acanthamoeba: t]
motility

A

spinelike pseudopodia

89
Q

[balamuthia]
nucleus
troph:
cyst:

A

more than one nucleoli; mononucleated

89
Q

[balamuthia]
size
troph:
cyst:

A

12-60; 13-30

90
Q

[balamuthia: t]
motility

A

broad pseudopodia

90
Q

3 layers of balamuthia cyst

A

ectocyst, mesocyst, inner thin endocyst

91
Q

most probably occurs by way of the lungs or through invasion of CNS by hematogenous spread

A

GAE

91
Q

chronic infection of cornea caused by several species of acanthamoeba

A

acanthamoeba keratitis

92
Q
A

🖤 MT639 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions