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Parasitology > PROTOZOA (AMOEBA) > Flashcards

PROTOZOA (AMOEBA) Flashcards

1
Q

A unicellular organism that performs all the functions: reproduction, digestion, respiration, excretion, etc.

A

Protozoa

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2
Q

What Proto and Zoa means?

A

Proto = first
Zoa = animals

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3
Q

Composition of Protozoa

A

❖ Nucleus
❖ Cytoplasm
❖ Structure for locomotion (Pseudopodia, Flagella, Cilla, Undulating membrane)
❖ Plasma membrane
❖ Cytostome
❖ Chromatoidal bodies

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4
Q

A composition that is usually a single but may be double or multiple; contains one or more nucleoli or a central karyosome; DNA containing body 2.

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

2 types of cytoplasm

A

❖ Endoplasm
❖ Ectoplasm

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6
Q

A cytoplasm that is inner (often granulated), dense part.

It is granulated because it shows a number of structures such as Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, food vacuoles, and contractile vacuoles.

A

Endoplasm

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7
Q

A structure that regulate osmotic pressure between the parasite and its environment.

A

Contractile vacuole

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8
Q

A type of cytoplasm that is outer (non-granulated), typically watery

It is homogenous and serves as an organ for motility and engulfment of food by producing pseudopodia

It also helps in respiration, discharging waste material and providing protective covering.

A

Ectoplasm

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9
Q

Differentiate the structures for locomotion

A

❖ Pseudopodia: fingerlike
❖ Flagella: Tail-like
❖ Cilla: Hair-like
❖ Undulating membrane

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10
Q

Controls secretions and excretions.

A

Plasma membrane

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11
Q

It is considered as a cell mouth.

A

Cytostome

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12
Q

Storage for glycogen protein

A

Chromatoidal bodies

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13
Q

Classification of Protozoan Parasites

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Microspora

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14
Q

Intestinal and Extraintestinal Amoeba

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Phylum Ciliophora

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15
Q

2 Group of Parasite of Phylum Sarcomastigophora

A

Subphylum Sarcodina
Subphylum Mastigophora

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16
Q

Subphylum Sarcodina parasite

A

Acanthamoeba
Endolimax nana
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba gingivalis
Entamoeba histolytica
Iodamoeba butschliii
Naegleria fowleri

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17
Q

Subphylum Mastigophora parasite

A

Chilomastix mesnii
Dientamoeba fragilis
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas hominis
Trichomonas vaginalis

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18
Q

Phylum Ciliophora

A

Balantidium coli

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19
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa parasites

A

Babesia spp.
Cryptosporidium hominis
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Isospora belii
Plasmodium spp.
Toxoplasma gondii

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20
Q

Phylum Microspora parasites

A

Enterocytozon bineusi
Encephalitozoon spp.
Vittaforma cornea
Pleistophora spp.
Brachiola vesicularum
Microsporidium spp.

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21
Q

Stage forming a cyst or becoming enclosed to a capsule, this event takes place in the rectum of the host as feces are dehydrated or soon after the feces have been excreted.

A

Encystation

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22
Q

Escape from cyst or envelope, produces a trophozoite from the cyst stage, and it takes place in the large intestine of the host after the cyst has been ingested.

A

Encystation

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23
Q

All Entamoeba are commensal except

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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24
Q

Finger-like structures for movement formed by sudden jerky movements of the ectoplasm in one direction.

A

With pseudopodium (false feet)

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25
Q

Undergoes ENCYSTATION except

A

Entamoeba gingivalis Dientamoeba fragilis

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26
Q

E. gingivalis and .fragilis do not have what form and stays at what form?

A

They do not have cyst form and stay in trophozoite form.

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27
Q

Inhabits the large intestine except

A

E. gingivalis (gums)

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28
Q

Presence of amoeba in any part of the body (exclusively applied to E. histolytica).

A

Amebiasis

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29
Q

Asexually multiplies through

A

Binary fission

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30
Q

Morphologic forms

A
  1. Trophozoite
  2. Pre-cyst
  3. Cyst
  4. Metacyst
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31
Q

Form that divides through “binary fission”, capable of encystation (overpopulation, pH change, food supply, availability of oxygen) ∙

It undergo encystation in intestinal lumen or rectum.

A

Trophozoite

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32
Q

A form that contains large glycogen vacuole and two chromatid bars and then secretes a highly retractile cyst wall around it and becomes cyst.

A

Pre-cyst

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33
Q

Form with protective thick cell wall (hyaline), capable of excystation ∙ Cyst found on contaminated food and water could withstand the acidic pH of our stomach because of its thick cell wall made up of hyaline.

A

Cyst

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34
Q

A form that is liberated quadrinucleate amoeba during excystation ∙ No morphologic difference among other Entamoeba spp. such as E. moshkovskii and E. dispar. However, they can be differentiated through isoenzyme analysis, PCR, and monoclonal antibody typing.

A

Metacyst

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35
Q

Infective stage

A

Mature quadrinucleate cyst passed in feces

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36
Q

Mode of Transmission

A

❖ Ingestion of contaminated food and/or water with E. histolytica cyst.
❖ Fecal-oral (Primary route)
❖ Venereal transmission
❖ Direct colonic inoculation through contaminated enema equipment.

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37
Q

Trophozoite

A

❖ Vegetative and motile stage (feeding stage)
❖ Found in fresh watery, soft or semi-formed stool
❖ Fragile

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38
Q

Cyst

A

❖ Non-motile, feeding stage
❖Found in soft to formed stool
❖ Resistant to acidic pH

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39
Q

Life cycle of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

Trophozoite
Cysts

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40
Q

TROPHOZOITE
MOVEMENT of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

E. histolytica: Unidirectional,
progressive

E. coli: Sluggish, non
progressive and non directional

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41
Q

TROPHOZOITE
SHAPE OF PSUEDOPODIA of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

E. histolytica: Finger-like

E. coli: Blunted

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42
Q

TROPHOZOITE
MANNER OF RELEASE OF PSUEDOPODIA of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

E. histolytica: One at a time/explosive

E. coli: Several at a time

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43
Q

TROPHOZOITE
NUCLEUS of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

E. histolytica: Uninucleated
(central karyosome)

E. coli: Uninucleated (eccentric karyosome)

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44
Q

TROPHOZOITE
INCLUSION of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

E. histolytica: RBC

E. coli: Bacteria, yeast, debris

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45
Q

TROPHOZOITE
CYTOPLASM of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

E. histolytica: Clean looking

E. coli: Dirty looking

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46
Q

TROPHOZOITE
SIZE of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

E. histolytica: Bigger

E. coli: Smaller

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47
Q

CYST
NUMBER OF NUCLEI of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

E. histolytica: Quadrinucleated (4)

E. coli: More than 4

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48
Q

CYST
CHROMATOIDAL BAR of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

E. histolytica: Sausage, rod, cigar shaped

E. coli: Broomstick,
splinter-like

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49
Q

CYST
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

E. histolytica: Thin (10-15um)

E. coli: Thick (10-35 um)

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50
Q

Symptoms of having E. histolytica

A

∙ Gradual onset of abdominal pain
∙ Diarrhea (with or without blood)
∙ In children: bloody diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain.
∙ Abscess formation > Amoebic liver abscess

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51
Q

Pathology (Intestinal amebiasis)

A

Amoebic dysentery
Bacillary Dysentery

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52
Q

ONSET of Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: Gradual

Bacillary Dysentery: Acute

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53
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSof Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: No significant fever or vomiting

Bacillary Dysentery: No significant fever or vomiting

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54
Q

ODOR OF FECES of Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: Offensive, Fishy odor

Bacillary Dysentery: Odorless

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55
Q

BLOOD AND MUCUS of Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: POSITIVE(+)

Bacillary Dysentery: Often watery and bloody

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56
Q

pH of Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: Acidic

Bacillary Dysentery: Alkaline

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57
Q

PUS CELL/PMN/NEUTROPHILS of Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: Few

Bacillary Dysentery: Numerous

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58
Q

CELLULAR EXUDATES of Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: Scant

Bacillary Dysentery: Massive

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59
Q

PYKNOTIC RESIDUES of Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: NUMEROUS
Bacillary Dysentery: FEW

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60
Q

CHARCOT LEYDEN CRYSTALS of Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: PRESENT

Bacillary Dysentery: ABSENT

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61
Q

PATHOLOGIC AMOEBA of Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: PRESENT

Bacillary Dysentery: ABSENT

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62
Q

BACTERIA of Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: FEW

Bacillary Dysentery: NUMEROUS

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63
Q

MACROPHAGES of Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary Dysentery

A

Amoebic dysentery: ABSENT

Bacillary Dysentery: PRESENT

64
Q

Common associated disease

A

❖ Intestinal amebiasis
❖ Amebic colitis
❖ Amebic dysentery
❖ Extraintestinal amebiasis

65
Q

Gradual onset of abdominal pain and diarrhea with or without blood and mucus on the stool.

A

Amebic colitis

66
Q

Mass-like lesions with abdominal pain and history of dysentery. It may be mistaken for carcinoma or malignant tumor.

Can cause ulceration “flask-shaped ulcer” in the intestines (cecum, ascending colon and sigmoid)

A

Ameboma

67
Q

Pathogenic Determinants or Virulence Factor

A
  1. Galactose-inhibitable adherence lectin (Gal Lectin)
  2. Amoeba ionophore
  3. Cysteine proteinase
68
Q

Receptor mediated adherence of amoeba to target cells.

A

Galactose-inhibitable adherence lectin (Gal Lectin)

69
Q

Cell lysis and tissue invasion ∙ Ionophore can attract calcium (anion), the calcium helps the Gal lectin so the parasite can adhere on the target cells.

A

Amoeba ionophore

70
Q

Most important, tissue invading factor.

A

Cysteine proteinase

71
Q

Through the portal vein (liver), trophozoite reach other parts of the body (liver, brain, lungs and kidneys).

A

EXTRAINTESTINAL AMOEBIASIS

72
Q

Involvement of distant organs by hematogenous spread or through lymphatic resulting to abscesses in the kidney, brain, spleen, and adrenals

A

METASTATIC AMOEBIASIS

73
Q

METASTATIC AMOEBIASIS DISEASES

A

∙ Amoebic hepatitis
∙ Amoebic liver abscess peritonitis
∙ Pulmonary amoebiasis
∙ Cerebral amoebiasis
∙ Splenic abscess
∙ Cutaneous amoebiasis
∙ Genitourinary amoebiasis

74
Q

Repeated invasion in the
liver can cause inflammation.

A

AMOEBIC HEPATITIS

75
Q

Most common
extraintestinal form of amoebiasis; fever, upper
right quadrant pain; thick chocolate brown pus
(liquefied necrotic liver tissue).

A

AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS

76
Q

Destructive
ulcerative lesions may resemble carcinoma.

A

GENITOURINARY AMOEBIASIS

77
Q

Asymptomatic carriers of E. histolytica

A

Cysts becomes unnoticed, ameba reproduce but infected individual shows no clinical symptoms.

78
Q

Diagnostic Stage of E. histolytica

A

Identification of the cyst or trophozoite

79
Q

Sample for Identification of E. histolytica

A

STOOL (examined within 30 minutes from collection)

80
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis of E. histolytica

A
  1. Direct Fecal Smear
  2. Concentration Techniques
  3. Culture
  4. Serologic Testing
  5. Molecular Testing
81
Q

Standard method of parasitological diagnosis.

A

Microscopic detection of cyst and trophozoite

82
Q

Number of stool sample to be examine

A

Minimum of 3 stools specimen on different days should be examined (one stool sample for each day)

83
Q

Sample for the detection of trophozoite

A

Fresh stool specimen should be examined 30 mins after defecation.

84
Q

Diagnostic of amebiasis.

A

Detection of E. histolytica trophozoite with ingested RBC under saline solution.

85
Q

In Direct Fecal Smear, Saline Solution is for the detection of

A

trophozoite motility

86
Q

In Direct Fecal Smear, Saline + methylene blue is for the detection of

A

Entamoeba spp. stain blue (differentiate Entamoeba spp. from WBC)

87
Q

In Direct Fecal Smear, Saline + iodine is for the detection of

A

Nucleus of E. histolytica can be observed (differentiate E. histolytica from nonpathogenic amoeba)

88
Q

In case of light infection, cyst and trophozoite may not be detected in direct fecal smear.

A

Concentration Techniques

89
Q

2 types of Concentration Techniques

A
  1. Formalin Ether/ Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique (FECT)
  2. Merthiolate Iodine Formalin
    Concentration (MIFC) – Sedimentation technique
90
Q

More sensitive than stool microscopy but not routinely available.

A

Culture

91
Q

Types of Serologic Testing

A

ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)

CIE (Counter Immunoelectrophoresis)

AGD (Agar Gel
Diffusion)

IHAT (Indirect Hemagglutination Test)

IF-AT (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test)

92
Q

Considered as gold standard in detecting E. histolytica infection.

A

IHAT (Indirect Hemagglutination Test)
and IF-AT (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test)

93
Q

Technique for molecular testing

A

PCR

94
Q

In case f extraintestinal amoeba, what technique can be used to be used to detect amebic liver abscess.

A

CT-scan and MRI

95
Q

Treatment used to cure invasive disease at both intestinal and extraintestinal site and to eliminate passage of cyst from intestinal lumen.

A

Metronidazole

Diloxanide furoate

Percutaneous drainage of the liver abscess

96
Q

Drug of choice for invasive amebiasis.

A

Metronidazole

97
Q

Secondary medicine for invasive amebiasis

A

Tinidazole and secnidazole

98
Q

Drug of choice for asymptomatic cyst passers.

A

Diloxanide furoate

99
Q

Patients who do not respond to metronidazole and need prompt relief of severe pain.

A

Percutaneous drainage of the liver abscess.

100
Q

Prevention and Control

A

❖ Proper hygiene
❖ Provision for sanitary disposal of human feces
❖ Improve access to clean and safe drinking water
❖ Good food preparation practices
❖ Avoid using “night soil”
❖ Food handler should be examined for cyst carriage
❖ Health education and promotion

101
Q

Non-Pathogenic species

A
  1. Entamoeba coli
  2. Entamoeba dispar
  3. Entamoeba
  4. Entamoeba polecki
  5. Entamoeba gingivalis
  6. Entamoeba moshkovskii
  7. Endolimax nana
  8. Iodamoeba butschlii
102
Q

Harmless inhabitant of the colon.

A

Entamoeba coli

103
Q

CYST SIZE of Entamoeba coli

A

10 - 35 um (larger than E. histolytica)

104
Q

CYSTS NUCLEI of Entamoeba coli

A

Has 8 nuclei with very diffuse karyosomes, may become hypernucleated with 16-32 nuclei

105
Q

CYST CHROMOTOIDAL BODIES of Entamoeba coli

A

Irregular fragmented
Sharp
Splintered ends

106
Q

TROPHOZOITE SIZE of Entamoeba coli

A

15-50 um (Smaller than E. histolytica)

107
Q

TROPHOZOITE NUCLEUS of Entamoeba coli

A

1 nucleus containing diffuse karyosome.

108
Q

TROPHOZOITE PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN of Entamoeba coli

A

Usually dense and irregular

109
Q

TROPHOZOITE CYTOPLASM of Entamoeba coli

A

Usually rough and contain few to many ingested debris.

110
Q

MOTILITY OR MOVEMENT of Entamoeba coli

A

E. coli: Sluggish, non
progressive and non directional

111
Q

PSEUDOPODIA of Entamoeba coli

A

Short and blunt
Granular
Slowly extruded

112
Q

INCLUSIONS of Entamoeba coli

A

Bacteria and other material
No RBCs ingested

113
Q

NUCLEUS of Entamoeba coli

A

Rarely visible

114
Q

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE of Entamoeba coli

A

Thick
Lined with coarse chromatin dots and bars

115
Q

KARYOSOME of Entamoeba coli

A

Large
Location is ECCENTRIC
Surrounded by a halo of non-staining material.

116
Q

Morphologically similar to E. histolytica, but with different DNA and RNA.

A

Entamoeba dispar

117
Q

Similar to E. histolytica except much smaller and no RBC inclusions

“small-race E. histolytica

A

Entamoeba hartmanni

118
Q

Parasite of the pigs and monkeys (rarely infect humans).

Humans are accidental/incidental host.

A

Entamoeba polecki

119
Q

found in apes and monkeys, identical to E. polecki, identification via ISOENZYME ANALYSIS.

A

Entamoeba chattoni

120
Q

Not capable of encystation. Trophozoite form only.

Can be found in the mouth (gum and teeth surfaces).

Abundant in cases of oral diseases.

No cyst stage, does not inhabit the intestines.

May ingest RBC (rarely), associated on lesions inside the mouth.

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

121
Q

Mode of transmission for Entamoeba gingivalis

A

Through kissing

Droplet spray

Sharing utensil

122
Q

Morphologically indistinguishable from those of the disease causing species E. histolytica and the non-pathogenic E. dispar, but differs from them biochemically and genetically.

Although sporadic cases of human infection with this parasite have been reported, the organism is considered primarily a free-living amoeba.

A

Entamoeba moshkovskii

123
Q

Physiologically uniqueness of Entamoeba moshkovskii

A

Osmotolerant, able to grow at room temperature and able to survive at 0-41C

124
Q

“Smallest amoeba”

“Cross eyed cyst” — 4 eccentric nuclei

Blot-like karyosome

A

Endolimax nana

125
Q

“iodine-cyst” because of its affinity to iodine.

Large glycogen vacuole/ body which stains deeply with iodine.

Uninucleated — resembling a “basket of flowers” shape

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

126
Q

MOTILITY of Iodamoeba butschlii

A

Sluggishly progressive

With hyaline pseudopodia

127
Q

INCLUSIONS of Iodamoeba butschlii

A

Bacteria scattered throughout the cytoplasm

RBCs are never ingested

128
Q

NUCLEUS of Iodamoeba butschlii

A

Not visible

129
Q

KARYOSOME of Iodamoeba butschlii

A

Large

Centrally located

Irregularly rounded

Surrounded by a layer of small granules

130
Q

FREE LIVING PATHOGENIC AMOEBA

A
  1. Acanthamoeba spp. (Acanthamoeba castellani)
  2. Naegleria fowleri
131
Q

Ubiquitous, free-living ameba

With an active trophozoite stage with characteristic prominent “thorn-like” appendages (acanthopodia) and resilient cyst stage

Aquatic organism, can survive in contact lens cleaning solutions

Most common ameba of freshwater and soil

A

Acanthamoeba spp. (Acanthamoeba castellani)

132
Q

Mode of Transmission of Acanthamoeba spp. (Acanthamoeba castellani)

A

Aspiration and Nasal inhalation: Use of contaminated swimming pools, deep well, etc.

Direct invasion of the eye: contaminated saline

133
Q

Specimen used for testing Acanthamoeba spp. (Acanthamoeba castellani)

A

Discharges

Exudates

Tissue secretions

134
Q

Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba spp. (Acanthamoeba castellani)

A

Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE)

Amoebic keratitis (contact lens users)

135
Q

A destructive encephalopathy and associated meningeal irritation.

Disease of immunocompromised (AIDS)

A

Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE)

136
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis of Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE)

A

made by demonstration of trophozoites and cysts in brain biopsy (post-mortem in most cases), culture, and immunofluorescence microscopy-using
monoclonal antibodies.

CSF shows lymphocytic pleocytosis (abnormal
increase in the number of lymphocyte in the CSF),
slightly elevated protein levels, and normal or
slightly decreased glucose levels.

CT scan of brain provides inconclusive findings.

137
Q

It is a disease that has perforation of the cornea and results to subsequent loss of vision.

A

Amoebic keratitis (contact lens users)

138
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Amoebic keratitis

A

made by demonstration of the cyst in corneal scrapings by wet mount, histology, culture (growth can be obtained from corneal scrapings inoculated on nutrient agar, overlaid with live or dead Escherichia coli and incubated at 300 C), demonstration of cyst and trophozoites in stool and PCR.

139
Q

Free-living protozoan with two vegetative forms: an ameba (trophozoite form) and a flagellate (swimming form)

“brain-eating amoeba”

Thermophilic organism that thrive best in hot springs and other warm aquatic environment.

True pathogen

Disease almost ends fatally within a week

A

Naegleria fowleri

140
Q

Incubation period of Naegleria fowleri

A

ncubation period varies from 2 days to 2 weeks.

141
Q

Pathologic disease of Naegleria fowleri that the patients initially complain of fever, headache, sore throat, nausea and vomiting.

Hemorrhagic necrosis in post mortem examination of infected brain.

A

Fatal Primary amoebic encephalitis (PAM)

142
Q

It is a diagnostic sign for meningitis where the patient is unable to fully straighten his or her leg when the hip is flexed at 90 degrees because of hamstring stiffness.

A

“Kernig’s sign”

143
Q

Mode of transmission of Naegleria fowleri

A

Oral and intranasal routes while swimming in contaminated pools, rivers and lakes

144
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Naegleria fowleri

A

❖ CSF examination
∙ cloudy to purulent
∙ neutrophilic leukocytosis
∙ elevated protein and low glucose
∙ resembling pyogenic meningitis

❖ Wet film examination of CSF: (+) trophozoites

❖ Autopsy: (+) trophozoites in immunofluorescent staining

❖ Culture: can be grown in several kinds of liquid axenic media or non-nutrient agar plates coated with Escherichia coli, (+) both trophozoites and cysts.

❖ Molecular Diagnosis: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

145
Q

Prevention for Naegleria fowleri

A

Frequent cleaning

Chlorination

Salination

146
Q

PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
CILATES specie

A

Balantidium coli

147
Q

Causative agent of “balantidiasis or balantidial dysentery”, similar to amoebic dysentery.

Largest protozoan parasite.

Only parasitic ciliate.

Primarily associated with pigs.

It does not invade the liver or other extraintestinal site unlike E. histolytica.

A

Balantidium coli

148
Q

Morphology of Balantidium coli

A

Has trophozoite and cyst stage

149
Q

Parts of Blantidium coli

A

Cytosome: entry of food

Cytophyge: excretes waste

Two dissimilar nucleus: Large kidney-shaped macronucleus and micronuclei

One or two contractile vacuoles

150
Q

Pathogenic determinants

A

Hyaluronidase

Ulceration

151
Q

Causes the ulceration, secreted by trophozoite

A

Hyaluronidase

152
Q

Described as flask-shaped ulcer but with rounded base and wider neck.

A

Ulceration

153
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Balantidium coli

A

Stool examination: microscopic demonstration of cyst and
trophozoite in direct.

Biopsy: specimens and scrapings from intestinal ulcers can be examined for presence of trophozoites and cysts.

Culture: can also be cultured in vitro in Locke’s egg albumin medium or NIH polyxenic medium like Entamoeba histolytica, but it is rarely necessary.

154
Q

Mode of transmission for Balantidium coli.

A

Ingestion of food/water contaminated with B. coli cyst

155
Q

Infective stage for Balantidium coli.

A

Cyst

156
Q

Treatment for Balantidium coli.

A

Tetracycline is the drug of choice.

Doxycycline alternatively can be given.

Metronidazole and Nitroimidazole have also been reported to be useful in some cases.

157
Q

Prevention for Balantidium coli.

A

Avoidance of contamination of food and water with human or animal feces.

Prevention of human-pig contact.

Treatment of infected pigs.

Treatment of individuals shedding B. coli cysts.

Parasitology (5 decks)

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