Protocols

Question 1

TCP

Answer 1

Transmission Control Protocol

Question 2

UDP

Answer 2

User Datagram Protocol

Question 3

ICMP

Answer 3

Internet Control Message Protocol

Question 4

nc

Answer 4

The Netcat (nc) command is a command-line utility for reading and writing data between two computer networks.

Question 5

nc -l

Answer 5

nc in listening mode (-l flag)

Question 6

nc -n

Answer 6

The -n flag means to disable DNS or service lookups.

Question 7

Netcat

Answer 7

Is a simple yet powerful networking command-line tool used for performing any operation in Linux related to TCP, UDP, or UNIX-domain sockets. Netcat can be used for port scanning, port redirection, and as a port listener (for incoming connections); it can also be used to open remote connections and so many other things. Besides, you can use it as a backdoor to gain access to a target server.

Question 8

FTP

Answer 8

File Transfer Protocol

Question 9

The lack of what means that all Telnet communication is in plaintext?

Answer 9

Encryption

Question 10

What communications model does FTP use?

Answer 10

client-server

Question 11

What’s the standard FTP port?

Answer 11

21

Question 12

NFS

Answer 12

Network File System

Question 13

RPC

Answer 13

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) that answers a client request to mount a file system

Question 14

Daemon

Answer 14

computer program that runs as a background process, rather than being under the direct control of an interactive user

Question 15

What is Enumeration?

Answer 15

Enumeration is defined as “a process which establishes an active connection to the target hosts to discover potential attack vectors in the system, and the same can be used for further exploitation of the system.”

Question 16

NFS-Common

Answer 16

It is important to have this package installed on any machine that uses NFS, either as client or server. It includes programs such as: lockd, statd, showmount, nfsstat, gssd, idmapd and mount.nfs. Primarily, we are concerned with “showmount” and “mount.nfs” as these are going to be most useful to us when it comes to extracting information from the NFS share.

Question 17

What does NFS stand for?

Answer 17

Network File System

Question 18

What protocol does NFS use to communicate between the server and client?

Answer 18

RPC Remote Procedure Call is a software communication protocol that one program can use to request a service from a program located in another computer on a network without having to understand the network’s details.

Question 19

URL

Answer 19

Uniform Resource Locator

Question 20

HTTP

Answer 20

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Question 21

HTTPS

Answer 21

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure

Question 22

Plaintext

Answer 22

Data before encryption or hashing, often text but not always as it could be a photograph or other file instead.

Question 23

Encoding

Answer 23

This is NOT a form of encryption, just a form of data representation like base64 or hexadecimal. Immediately reversible.

Question 24

Hash

Answer 24

A hash is the output of a hash function. Hashing can also be used as a verb, “to hash”, meaning to produce the hash value of some data.

Question 25

Brute force

Answer 25

Attacking cryptography by trying every different password or every different key

Question 26

Cryptanalysis

Answer 26

Attacking cryptography by finding a weakness in the underlying math.

Question 27

What is Caching?

Answer 27

In computing, a cache is a high-speed data storage layer which stores a subset of data, typically transient in nature, so that future requests for that data are served up faster than is possible by accessing the data’s primary storage location. Caching allows you to efficiently reuse previously retrieved or computed data.

Question 28

Cookies

Answer 28

Computer cookies are small files, often including unique identifiers that web servers send to browsers. These cookies then can be sent back to the server each time your browser requests a new page. It’s a way for a website to remember you, your preferences, and your habits online.

Question 29

What is SMTP?

Answer 29

SMTP stands for “Simple Mail Transfer Protocol”. It is utilized to handle the sending of emails. In order to support email services, a protocol pair is required, comprising SMTP and POP/IMAP. Together they allow the user to send outgoing mail and retrieve incoming mail, respectively.

Question 30

What 3 Basic functions does an SMTP server perform?

Answer 30

• It verifies who is sending emails through the SMTP server.
• It sends the outgoing mail
• If the outgoing mail can’t be delivered it sends the message back to the sender

Question 31

What does POP stand for?

Answer 31

Post Office Protocol

Question 32

What does IMAP stand for?

Answer 32

Internet Message Access Protocol