Protestant Reformation

Question 1

Sacrilege

Answer 1

violation of anything held sacred (Government officials, death, flags)

Question 2

Blasphemy

Answer 2

lack of reverence for God and sacred. religious connotation.

Question 3

When was the protestant reformation?

Answer 3

1520-1560

Question 4

Who led the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 4

Martin Luther. 1520 he is concerned with corruption in the church. He has a list of 95/99 grievances, upset by the sale of indulgences (payments by the wealthy for the absolution of their sins- pay your way to heaven!).Luther believes that anyone that believed in god had a direct relationship with him- this undermines the status of Church officials. He wanted Bible and church services translated to German so everyone would understand them.

Question 5

Iconoclast

Answer 5

“Breaking of images”- against the use of icons in worship. against art and sculpture, most protestants are iconoclasts. They were ok with portraits and depictions of biblical events

Question 6

Albrecht Durer

Answer 6

made paintings of Apostles

Question 7

Mathias Grunewald, “The Crucifixion”

Answer 7

altar piece

Question 8

Lucas Cranach

Answer 8

portrait of Martin Luther

Question 9

Greek Orthodox Church

Answer 9

split from Roman Catholics first

Question 10

Campaign against Martin Luther

Answer 10

The Vatican mounted a campaign against Martin Luther. They beautified their interiors to attract the faithful- using art- the power of images!

Question 11

Luther and Printmaking

Answer 11

Luther used printmaking to his advantage. Some cities required printers to get permission before printing things. Printmaking was driven underground. Printmaking facilitates the joint use of images and text. He worked with artists and printers to help create printings of his message.

Question 12

Hans Baldun Grien, “Luther with the Bible, Halo, and Dove” 1521

Answer 12

He’s defaced, his eyes are gouged out. Eyes are the most vulnerable and corruptible of the senses.

Question 13

Monogrammist BP, “Satire on the Papal Coat of Arms with German text by Luther” 1538

Answer 13

Portrays Coat as focusing on money. Papal ring is broken- no confidence in the Pope. Luther is against images BUT uses them to attack Papacy.

Question 14

Hans Sebald Beham, “Luther as an Evangelist” 1520

Answer 14

Gives Luther increased importance (he wasn’t an evangelist). Luther did not play a role in this portrayal but also didn’t stop it.

Question 15

Evangelist

Answer 15

one who spreads the word of God, there are 4, they’re saintly. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Wrote the New Testament.

Question 16

Lucas Cranach, “Luther as an Augustinian Monk Preaching Before a Niche” 1520

Answer 16

Often defaced- eyes

Question 17

Erhard Schon, “A Wondrous Prophecy of the Papacy” 1527

Answer 17

Exposing illicit behind the scenes activity- clergy brothels! Symbolized by feeding the animal behind the screen. Sickle and leg: the church is undermining itself- cutting off its own leg.

Question 18

David de Negker, “The Avenging Angel over the Defeated Papist” 1558

Answer 18

Luther is still hoping to reform the church.

Question 19

Protestant Reformation: Who, What, Why, When, Where

Answer 19

Who: Martin Luther
What: Splitting off from Catholic Church
Why: Didn't agree with ethics of Catholic Church- they were acting corrupt.
When: 1520-1560
Where: Martin Luther was in Germany.

Question 20

Anonymous, “The Great Lutheran Fool” from 1522

Answer 20

Against Luther- he’s being stabbed in the mouth for speaking lies. Church launched anti-Luther propaganda- he was a blasphemer.

Question 21

The Whore of Babylon, published by Cranach

Answer 21

Mother of Harlots and abominations of the Earth. Referenced in the Bible. She is wearing a small version of the Papal tiara (1 tier instead of 3)- this says that the Church has become the Whore of Babylon.

Question 22

Lucas Cranach, Diana Resting

Answer 22

He worked closely with Luther and supported him. Diana was a Greek Goddess. Cranach was scrutinized for doing female nudes and consequently stopped making art like this.

Question 23

Burgos Bible, Adam and Eve, Face of Serpent Gouged out

Answer 23

Serpent- common subject of defacement in the Bible. Adam and Eve were commonly defaced- sexuality and nudity. Defacement was often done by wetting a finger and rubbing manuscript pages.

Question 24

Bromholm Psalter

Answer 24

Smeared page- indicates defacement.

Question 25

Susannah and the Elders

Answer 25

Post Luther, not censored. Fear people had over power of vision. Seeing lascivious things leads to committing lascivious acts.

Question 26

Andre Serrano

Answer 26

Photographer, censored. “Heaven and Hell”, “Piss Christ”