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Bio 181 > Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Transcription/Translation > Flashcards

Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Transcription/Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the chemical structure of a typical amino acid found in a protein?

A

A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom.

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2
Q

Primary protein structure

A

A linear sequence of amino acids

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3
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Repetitive folding patterns, such as the alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet

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4
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

The three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide

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5
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Two or more interacting polypeptides

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6
Q

A polypeptide is composed of?

A

A chain of amino acids

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7
Q

What factors contribute to protein-protein interactions?

A

Ionic bonding
Van der Waals effects
Hydrogen bonding
Hydrophobic effects

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8
Q

What functional group is involved in disulfide bridges?

A

Sulfhydryl

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9
Q

What determines a protein’s tertiary structure?

A

Its primary structure

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10
Q

Which levels of protein structure are stabilized by hydrogen bonds?

A

Secondary, Tertiary, and quaternary structure

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11
Q

What stabilizes primary protein structure?

A

Covalent peptide bonds

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12
Q

PROTEIN SHAPE=?

A

PROTEIN FUNCTION

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13
Q

N-terminus

A

free amino group

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14
Q

C-terminus

A

free carboxyl group

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15
Q

What is the hydrophobic effect?

A

clumping of non polar side chains to minimize contact with water

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16
Q

What are the major components of the bases in a nucleotide?

A

Single or double carbon ring
Nitrogen

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17
Q

A chromosome is composed of two macromolecules. Which ones?

A

DNA
Protein

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18
Q

What differentiates DNA from RNA

A

DNA has: Thymine, is double-stranded, and contains deoxyribose (sugar)

RNA has: Uracil, is single-stranded, and contains ribose (sugar)

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19
Q

Two strands of DNA are bound together by _______ bonds to form the double helix

A

(H)ydrogen

20
Q

For a molecule to serve as the genetic material, it must meet the following key criteria: information, _____, _____, and _____.

A

replication, transmission, and variation

21
Q

DNA and RNA are called nucleic acids because they release _____ ions in solution and have a net _____ charge at neutral pH.

A

(H)ydrogen
Negative

22
Q

Rank the five levels of structural features of DNA. (biggest to smallest)

A
  1. Genome
  2. Chromosome
  3. Double helix
  4. DNA strand
  5. Nucleotide
23
Q

What bonds link together nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bonds

24
Q

A linear DNA strand contains two ends: the 5 prime end has a free ______ group, while the 3 prime end has a free ______ group.

A

P; OH

25
Q

The orientation of sugar molecules within a DNA strand is referred to as _____?

A

directionality

26
Q

F(x): Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

stores genetic information coded in the sequence of nucleotides (monomers)

27
Q

F(x): Ribonucleic acid

A

decodes information in DNA into instructions for linking a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide

28
Q

Pyrimidine (longer name=smaller base)

A

contain only one ring and the nitrogenous bases considered pyrimidines are cytosine, uracil, and thymine

29
Q

Purine (shorter name=longer base)

A

contains 2 rings and the nitrogenous bases considered purines are guanine and adenine

30
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

31
Q

How are eukaryotic mRNAs modified before leaving the nucleus?

A

A cap is added to the 5’ end
A poly(A) tail is added to the 3’ end
Introns are removed by splicing

32
Q

What do structural genes store?

A

Information to specify a polypeptide

33
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

It carries information from DNA to ribosomes

34
Q

the transcription of nonstructural genes can produce two important products:

A

mRNA; tRNA

35
Q

In a double-stranded DNA molecule, what DNA strand has almost the exact same sequence of bases as the mRNA that is synthesized from that molecule?

A

the coding strand

36
Q

The synthesis of an RNA copy of a gene is called _____?

A

transcription

37
Q

Ribosomal RNA is a component of ribosomes, which are the sites of:

A

translation

38
Q

The term pre-mRNA is another name for the initial RNA ______.

A

transcript

39
Q

A long poly A tail aids in the export of mRNAs from the _____?

A

nucleus

40
Q

What does central dogma state?

A

DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into a polypeptide(protein)

41
Q

Promotor

A

signals beginning of transcription

42
Q

Terminator

A

signals end of transcription

43
Q

Transcribed region

A

a region that specifies an amino acid sequence

44
Q

Regulatory sequence

A

binds regulatory proteins and turns a gene “on” and “off”

45
Q

Stage 1 of Transcription: Initiation

A

-promotor and RNA polymerase bind to sigma
-RNA polymerase opens double helix (2 strands) and transcription
-template strand synthesizes mRNA transcript

46
Q

Stage 2 of Transcription: Elongation

A

-sigma released from promotor
-RNA synthesis continues from DNA

47
Q

Stage 3 of Transcription: Termination

A

-RNA polymerase and terminator come in contact
-hairpin forms in mRNA
-RNA polymerase, mRNA, and DNA disassociate

Bio 181 (1 decks)

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