Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Transcription/Translation

Question 1

What is the chemical structure of a typical amino acid found in a protein?

Answer 1

A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom.

Question 2

Primary protein structure

Answer 2

A linear sequence of amino acids

Question 3

Secondary protein structure

Answer 3

Repetitive folding patterns, such as the alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet

Question 4

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 4

The three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide

Question 5

Quaternary protein structure

Answer 5

Two or more interacting polypeptides

Question 6

A polypeptide is composed of?

Answer 6

A chain of amino acids

Question 7

What factors contribute to protein-protein interactions?

Answer 7

Ionic bonding
Van der Waals effects
Hydrogen bonding
Hydrophobic effects

Question 8

What functional group is involved in disulfide bridges?

Answer 8

Sulfhydryl

Question 9

What determines a protein’s tertiary structure?

Answer 9

Its primary structure

Question 10

Which levels of protein structure are stabilized by hydrogen bonds?

Answer 10

Secondary, Tertiary, and quaternary structure

Question 11

What stabilizes primary protein structure?

Answer 11

Covalent peptide bonds

Question 12

PROTEIN SHAPE=?

Answer 12

PROTEIN FUNCTION

Question 13

N-terminus

Answer 13

free amino group

Question 14

C-terminus

Answer 14

free carboxyl group

Question 15

What is the hydrophobic effect?

Answer 15

clumping of non polar side chains to minimize contact with water

Question 16

What are the major components of the bases in a nucleotide?

Answer 16

Single or double carbon ring
Nitrogen

Question 17

A chromosome is composed of two macromolecules. Which ones?

Answer 17

DNA
Protein

Question 18

What differentiates DNA from RNA

Answer 18

DNA has: Thymine, is double-stranded, and contains deoxyribose (sugar)

RNA has: Uracil, is single-stranded, and contains ribose (sugar)

Question 19

Two strands of DNA are bound together by _______ bonds to form the double helix

Answer 19

(H)ydrogen

Question 20

For a molecule to serve as the genetic material, it must meet the following key criteria: information, _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 20

replication, transmission, and variation

Question 21

DNA and RNA are called nucleic acids because they release _____ ions in solution and have a net _____ charge at neutral pH.

Answer 21

(H)ydrogen
Negative

Question 22

Rank the five levels of structural features of DNA. (biggest to smallest)

Answer 22

1. Genome
2. Chromosome
3. Double helix
4. DNA strand
5. Nucleotide

Question 23

What bonds link together nucleotides?

Answer 23

phosphodiester bonds

Question 24

A linear DNA strand contains two ends: the 5 prime end has a free ______ group, while the 3 prime end has a free ______ group.

Answer 24

P; OH

Question 25

The orientation of sugar molecules within a DNA strand is referred to as _____?

Answer 25

directionality

Question 26

F(x): Deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 26

stores genetic information coded in the sequence of nucleotides (monomers)

Question 27

F(x): Ribonucleic acid

Answer 27

decodes information in DNA into instructions for linking a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide

Question 28

Pyrimidine (longer name=smaller base)

Answer 28

contain only one ring and the nitrogenous bases considered pyrimidines are cytosine, uracil, and thymine

Question 29

Purine (shorter name=longer base)

Answer 29

contains 2 rings and the nitrogenous bases considered purines are guanine and adenine

Question 30

What are the three types of RNA

Answer 30

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

Question 31

How are eukaryotic mRNAs modified before leaving the nucleus?

Answer 31

A cap is added to the 5' end A poly(A) tail is added to the 3' end Introns are removed by splicing

Question 32

What do structural genes store?

Answer 32

Information to specify a polypeptide

Question 33

What is the function of mRNA?

Answer 33

It carries information from DNA to ribosomes

Question 34

the transcription of nonstructural genes can produce two important products:

Answer 34

mRNA; tRNA

Question 35

In a double-stranded DNA molecule, what DNA strand has almost the exact same sequence of bases as the mRNA that is synthesized from that molecule?

Answer 35

the coding strand

Question 36

The synthesis of an RNA copy of a gene is called _____?

Answer 36

transcription

Question 37

Ribosomal RNA is a component of ribosomes, which are the sites of:

Answer 37

translation

Question 38

The term pre-mRNA is another name for the initial RNA ______.

Answer 38

transcript

Question 39

A long poly A tail aids in the export of mRNAs from the _____?

Answer 39

nucleus

Question 40

What does central dogma state?

Answer 40

DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into a polypeptide(protein)

Question 41

Promotor

Answer 41

signals beginning of transcription

Question 42

Terminator

Answer 42

signals end of transcription

Question 43

Transcribed region

Answer 43

a region that specifies an amino acid sequence

Question 44

Regulatory sequence

Answer 44

binds regulatory proteins and turns a gene "on" and "off"

Question 45

Stage 1 of Transcription: Initiation

Answer 45

-promotor and RNA polymerase bind to sigma -RNA polymerase opens double helix (2 strands) and transcription -template strand synthesizes mRNA transcript

Question 46

Stage 2 of Transcription: Elongation

Answer 46

-sigma released from promotor -RNA synthesis continues from DNA

Question 47

Stage 3 of Transcription: Termination

Answer 47

-RNA polymerase and terminator come in contact -hairpin forms in mRNA -RNA polymerase, mRNA, and DNA disassociate