Proteins, Lipids, Carbahyrates Flashcards
What has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails?
Phospholipids
Do lipids or carbohydrates have long-term energy?
Lipids
What monomers are in a triglyceride?
Glycerol and fatty acids
What is a part of proteins?
Amino Acids
Ring structure
Carbohydrates
4 fused rings
steriods
Butter is…(list 3)
a fat, lipid, and saturated
A saturated fat…(list 4)
is solid at room temp, has no double bonds, is in animals, and has straight chains
An unsaturated fat…(list 4)
is a liquid at room temp, has one (or more) double bonds, are in plants, and has a kink in the chains
Straight chains have…
no double bonds
Unsaturated fats have…
at least one double bond
What does a carbohydrate do?
provide an immediate energy source for organisms
Starch & Glycogen function as…
short-term stored energy sources
Chitin & cellulose function as…
structural components of a cell
What’s a monosaccharide?
a simple sugar + 1 sugar
Cellulose structure
long and straight chains of glucose
Starch structure
long branched-off chains of glucose
Glycogen structure
very highly branched-off chains of glucose
What monosaccharide is the main source of energy for cells
glucose
What polysaccharide stores short-term energy in animals?
glycogen
What polysaccharide stores short-term energy in plants?
starch
What polysaccharide makes up the exoskeletons of some organisms?
Chitin
The most common biological molecule is the polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls
Cellulose
Chitin is…
a polysaccharide for structure
Sucrose is…
a disaccharide for energy
Starch is…
a polysaccharide for energy (in plants)
Cellulose is…
a polysaccharide for structure (makes up plant cell walls)
maltose is…
a disaccharide for energy
Glycogen is…
a polysaccharide
What 2 monomers are in most lipids?
glycerol + fatty acids
Structure of a glycerol (lipid)
3-carbon straight chain, each carbon is attached to one hydrogen group
Structure of a fatty acid
A fatty acid is either a straight chain or kinked with a carboxyl group at one end. It’s mostly hydrocarbon and is nonpolar and hydrophobic
As a whole lipids are…(philic or phobic)
Hydrophobic
A phospholipid makes up…
the plasma cell membrane
The arrangement of a phospholipid is…
The hydrophilic, polar, phosphate heads face outwards. The hydrophobic, nonpolar, fatty acid tails face inward.
How are steroids different than other lipids?
They are made up of 4 fused rings instead of having glycerol and fatty acids, so they do not form straight chains.
3 steroids are…
Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen
The energy function of a lipid is…
Long-term because of the many bonds
Triglyceride…
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids (long-term energy storage)
Phospholipids monomers are…
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate (makes up cell membrane)
Monomers of protein polymers
amino acids
Amino acids bond together through what process?
Dehydration synthesis
The “R” group of a protein is…
something that determines the function of the amino
Primary structure
sequence/order of amino acids (not a functioning protein)
Secondary structure
alpha helix and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonds (when the amino acids start to twist)
Tertiary structure
A 3-D shape formed by twisting and folding through the interaction of the multiple “R” groups in the polypeptide (functioning protein)
Quaternary structure
2 (or more) polypeptides (in their tertiary structure) bond together to make a protein
When a protein loses its shape and can no longer can serve its function
Denature
What happens when a protein denatures
It loses its shape due to bonds breaking at a higher level of structure
Why are proteins more diverse than carbs & lipids
There are 20 different amino acids, so there are endless combinations that can be made into endless amino acid sequences.
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
nucleotide
What is pentose
5-carbon sugar
CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP
Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What helps with DNA & RNA
Nucleic acids
What provides insulation
lipids
What are the protein bonds called?
Peptide bonds
2 amino acids
dipeptide
3 amino acids
tripeptide
many amino acids
polypeptide
If a polypeptide doesn’t fold…
it’s not a functioning protein
Nucleotides/nucleic acids monomers are…
phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
Amino acids twisting
alpha helix
Amino acids folding on itself
beta sheets
What can make a protein denature (list 3)
if you mess with the heat, pH, and changes in the environment
Enzymes, antibodies, and hemoglobin are…
proteins
DNA and RNA are
nucleic acids
Carb monomer and polymer
monosaccharide and a polysaccharide
