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2) Food Chemistry I > Proteins IV > Flashcards

Proteins IV Flashcards

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1
Q

Red meat does not include ______

A

poultry

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2
Q

Most of the meat consumed is from _____ animals because strengthening of the muscles is due to _______ animals

A

young

older

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3
Q

The red to reddish pink color of red meat is due to ______

A

myoglobin

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4
Q

______ is the oxygen storage protein in red meat

A

myoglobin

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5
Q

Red meat is mainly composed of _____ muscle.

A

skeletal

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6
Q

Muscle condition of the live animal is related to the animal’s __________

A

level of activity

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7
Q

Water accounts for over ____% of lean tissue by weight. The water is either ______ to _______ or free

A

70
bound to proteins
free (trapped within muscle cells)

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8
Q

While the animal was alive, the “____” water served as the medium in which nutrients and other solutes were dissolved and transported.

A

free

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9
Q

In proximate analysis of meat, protein content is typically derived from the determination of muscle ________ content by Kjeldahl analysis

A

nitrogen

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10
Q

The average ______ content is 16% of protein

A

nitrogen

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11
Q

As much as 10% of muscle nitrogen originates from __________, such as _______

A

non-protein sources

nucleic acids/amino acids

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12
Q

The true protein content of red meat is somewhat (higher/lower) than reported

A

lower

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13
Q

______ can account for 1-13% of fresh weight of separable lean tissue

A

Lipids

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14
Q

Minimal values (0.5-1%) represent the _____________ present in living cells

A

membrane phospholipids

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15
Q

Larger lipid values indicate the presence of variable amounts of __________, which are primarily ________

A

neutral storage lipids

triacylglycerols

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16
Q

The large variability in the percentage of lipid content is mostly accounted for by variability in _______ content

A

water

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17
Q

______ refers to the inorganic residue remaining after a muscle sample is incinerated at extremely high temperatures and represents the _____ component of muscle.

A

Ash

mineral

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18
Q

______, ______, and _______ make up the remaining 1% of skeletal muscle.

A

Carbohydrates, vitamins, and other soluble organic constituents

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19
Q

The main carbohydrate in muscle is ______, which is _____-term energy storage

A

glycogen

short

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20
Q

The main carbohydrate in meat is _____ because during the conversion of muscle to meat the ______ is largely converted to ______ by _________

A

lactate
glycogen
lactate
anaerobic glycolysis

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21
Q

Proteins are separated on the basis of __________

A

solubility

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22
Q

What are the three classes of proteins?

A

Sarcoplasmic
Myofibrillar
Stromal

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23
Q

________ make up 30% of total muscle protein, and is soluble

A

Sarcoplasmic proteins

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24
Q

________ make up 50-60% of total muscle protein; solubilized in concentrated salt solutions (e.g., 0.3M NaC1)

A

Myofibrillar proteins

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25
Q

________ make up 10-20% of total muscle protein; insoluble

A

Stromal proteins

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26
Q

Sarcoplasmic proteins are dissolved in the _______ inside muscle cells

A

cytoplasm

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27
Q

Sarcoplasmic proteins, such as _______ and _____ enzymes, are mainly involved in the __________________

A

myoglobin
glycolytic enzymes
regulation of cell and energy homeostasis

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28
Q

The colors of fresh, cooked, and cured meat products are due, in large part, to the content and the ________ of the ______ associated with myoglobin

A

oxidation state

iron

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29
Q

Myoglobin content tends to be in lower abundance in ______ animals, hence the pale color of ____ compared to that of ______

A

young
veal
adult beef

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30
Q

_____ constitute the largest fraction (50-60%) of muscle proteins

A

Myofibrillar proteins

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31
Q

In muscle tissue, myofibrillar proteins are assembled into complex _______ structural filaments that _____________

A

quaternary

regulate, support, or perform the mechanical work of contraction.

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32
Q

What are the three types of major myofibrillar proteins in skeletal muscle?

A
  • Contractile
  • Regulatory
  • Cytoskeletal
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33
Q

_____ and _____ together account for about 40% of the total protein in skeletal muscle.

A

Myosin

actin

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34
Q

The behavior of _________ proteins is important in fresh meats, because the extent of contraction and rigor mortis development are critical in the successful conversion of muscle to meat, as well as in processed meats

A

myofibrillar

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35
Q

_________ proteins form the fibrous connective tissues that strengthen and protect muscles

A

Stromal

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36
Q

_______ proteins contribute to meat toughness

A

Stromal

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37
Q

_______ is the most abundant protein in the animal body

A

Collagen

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38
Q

Collagen is a ______ protein

A

stromal

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39
Q

_______ makes a small contribution to total skeletal muscle protein, but it is the most abundant protein in the animal body

A

Collagen

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40
Q

Processing and cooking methods for meat are designed to disrupt and partially solubilize ________ fibers

A

collagen

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41
Q

What are the sources of non-protein nitrogen?

A

Creatine, amino acids, nucleic acids, and nucleotides

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42
Q

The total content of __________ only accounts for 1.6% of the wet weight of the muscle

A

non-protein nitrogen

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43
Q

________ and ________ are key components in the development of rigor mortis

A

Creatine

Nucleotide ATP

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44
Q

Parallel arrangement of elongated multinucleated cells are called ______

A

myofibers

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45
Q

Skeletal muscles are composed of _______

A

myofibers

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46
Q

T or F: Individual myofibers range from um to the entire length of the muscle

A

True

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47
Q

Each myofiber is encased in a layer of connective tissue called the
___________.

A

endomysium

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48
Q

Groups of myofibers are organized into primary and secondary bundles of _______ that are segregated by another layer of connective tissue called the ________.

A

fascicles

perimysium

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49
Q

A final layer of heavy connective tissue sheaths, called the __________, surrounds the whole muscle

A

epimysium

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50
Q

_________ merge with connective tissue tendons to link muscle to the bones

A

epimysium

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51
Q

The _______ and ________ are infiltrated in the muscle

A

nervous

vascular

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52
Q

The ___________ and the _________ combine to provide the necessary framework for maintaining the structural integrity of these tissues within the muscle.

A

perimysium

endomysium

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53
Q

____________ may also be found embedded in the __________ and is visible in red meats as while flecks of fat (marbling) in contrast to the red background of myofibers.

A

Adipose tissue

perimysium

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54
Q

The abundance of ________ is often used as an indicator in visual appraisal of meat quality.

A

marbling

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55
Q

Muscle contraction is triggered by increased _________ ________ concentrations

A

intracellular

calcium

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56
Q

The plasma membrane of myofibers is called the __________

A

sarcolemma

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57
Q

The _______ penetrate into the myofiber, and form a network of ____________, distributed along the length of the myofiber, and conduct the stimulus for contraction into the interior of the myofiber

A 
sarcolemma
transverse tubules (T-tubules)
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58
Q

The T-tubules are in physical contact at periodic intervals with the _____________, which is the muscle equivalent of an endoplasmic reticulum

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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59
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is in physical content at periodic intervals with the ________

A

T-tubules

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60
Q

The muscle equivalent of the endoplasmic reticulum is the _________

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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61
Q

The _________ functions as a reservoir of calcium ions that serve as the trigger for muscle contraction

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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62
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum serves as a reservoir of ______

A

calcium

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63
Q

Some proteins in the interior of the SR bind _______ ions while the muscle is at rest

A

calcium

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64
Q

Other proteins in the SR open in response to electrochemical stimulus, allowing diffusion of _____ ions from the _____ to the ________

A

calcium
SR
sarcoplasm

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65
Q

What triggers muscle contraction?

A

Diffusion of calcium ions from within the SR to the sarcoplasm

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66
Q

What triggers muscle relaxation?

A

Protein pumps calcium back into the lumen of the SR during relaxation

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67
Q

___________ serve as energy transducers for the myofiber

A

Mitochondria

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68
Q

_________ serve as a major reservoir for a family of proteolytic enzymes known as _______

A

Lysosomes

cathepsins

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69
Q

_______ play a catabolic function in protein turnover

A

cathepsins

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70
Q

Myofibers are typically ____nucleated

A

multi

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71
Q

Where are the nuclei of myofibers?

A

Dispersed; typically found beneath the sarcolemma

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72
Q

The sarcoplasm may contain ______ particles and ______ droplets

A

glycogen

lipid

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73
Q

The oxygen storage, enzyme levels, metabolic intermediates are found to varying degrees within the __________

A

sarcoplasm

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74
Q

What are the 3 types of myofibers?

A

1) Slow-red
2A) Fast-red
2B) Fast-white

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75
Q

_________ contain great amounts of ______ organelles and fuels, such as mitochondria, myoglobin, and lipids

A

Slow-contracting (red)

oxidative

76
Q

__________ are more equipped for ______ metabolism fueled by carbohydrates

A

Fast-contracting

anaerobic

77
Q

________ are the contractile organelles of a muscle cell and constitute 80-90% of the volume of the cell.

A

Myofibrils

78
Q

Myofibrils are composed of thin and thick protein filaments, _______, in a highly specific structural organization

A

myofilaments

79
Q

The fundamental structural unit of the myofibrils is the _________.

A

sarcomere

80
Q

What is observed when longitudinal sections of skeletal muscle are viewed under a microscope?

A

Alternating dark and light bands

81
Q

A-bands are ______, and I-bands are _______

A

anisotropic

isotropic

82
Q

The _______ consists of overlapping thin and thick filaments

A

A-band

83
Q

The ______ consists of thin filaments only

A

I-band

84
Q

The center of the A-band appears brighter than the distal zones (less dense), and is termed the ___-zone.

A

H

85
Q

The ______ consists only of thick filaments with no overlapping thin filaments

A

H-zone

86
Q

The narrow, dark, electron-dense center of the I-band is termed the __________

A

Z-disc

87
Q

The boundaries of a sarcomere are defined by the _______ and hence a ______ represents the junction between two sarcomeres.

A

Z-discs

Z-disc

88
Q

The ____ of proteins that constitutes the ____ serves as the anchoring structure for the proteins of the thin filaments that emanate from both sides of the _____

A

matrix
Z-disc
Z-disc

89
Q

At the center of the _____ is a dark zone analogous to the ______.

A

H-zone

Z-disc

90
Q

This structure, called the ______, consists of proteins that maintain the structural arrangement of the thick filament proteins

A

M-line

91
Q

The _______ serves as an anchoring point for the protein titan

A

M-line

92
Q

The protein _____ spans the sarcomere from the _____ to the _______

A

titin
M-line
Z-disc

93
Q

The ______ define the boundaries of the sarcomere

A

Z-discs

94
Q

The _________ are anchored at the Z-disc

A

thin filaments

95
Q

The ________ in the central region of the sarcomere that partially overlap with the thin filaments

A

thick filaments

96
Q

Sarcomere length is defined as the distance between adjacent __________

A

Z-disc

97
Q

Sarcomere length depend on the state of contraction of the ______ or the ______ force applied to it

A

myofiber

stretch

98
Q

The ________ theory of muscle contraction is still accepted today

A

sliding filament

99
Q

The lengths of both _____ and ______________ remain constant, independent of whether the muscle is stretched, contracting, or in a resting state

A

thin

thick filaments

100
Q

Electron micrographs indicate that a thick filament is surrounded by an array of ___ thin filaments

A

six

101
Q

Huxley and Hanson proposed that ________ and ________ interdigitate, allong for the _______________

A

thin filaments
thick filaments
sliding of filaments past each other

102
Q

When contraction takes place, the thin and thick filaments slide past each other such that the _________ at opposite ends of a sarcomere move toward each other, resulting in _________ of the sarcomere length

A

thin filaments

shortening

103
Q

Myofibrils are made up of a smaller unit called _____________

A

myofilament

104
Q

A myofilament is made up of two groupings of contractile proteins termed _____ and ______

A

myosin

actin

105
Q

Stretching results from an increase in _____ separation, accomplished by sliding of thin filaments of a sarcomere from each other as they move along the ________

A

Z-disc

A-band

106
Q

_______ sarcomeres, resulting from contraction as muscle is converted to meat, are correlated with toughness

A

Short

107
Q

What are the four proteins that consist of the thin filaments of the sarcomere?

A
  • Actin
  • Tropomyosin and troponin
  • Nebulin
108
Q

The thin contractile filament of the sarcomere is _______

A

actin

109
Q

The thin regulatory filaments of the sarcomere are _______ and ______

A

tropomyosin

troponin

110
Q

The thin cytoskeletal filament of the sarcomere is ________

A

nebulin

111
Q

The thick filaments of the sarcomere are primarily composed of ________, and _____ is also associated with thick filaments

A

myosin

titin

112
Q

______ is the second most abundant protein in muscle, constituting 20% of the myofibrillar protein content.

A

Actin

113
Q

At very low ionic strength, actin exists primarily as __________

A

G-actin

114
Q

However, at physiological ionic strength, G-actin monomers are polymerized “head-to-tail” in ________

A

F-actin

115
Q

________ is a two-stranded, double-helical assembly that constitutes the backbone of the thin filament

A

F-actin

116
Q

_______ is a globular monomer

A

G-actin

117
Q

filaments on opposite sides of the _____ are directed toward each other within a given sarcomere.

A

M-line

118
Q

One end of each thin filament is attached to the _______

A

Z-line

119
Q

_____ binds to _______ during muscle contraction, forming cross-bridges between the ______ and ______ filaments

A

Actin
myosin
thin
thick

120
Q

Actin binds to the regulatory proteins _______ and _______

A

tropomyosine

troponin

121
Q

_____________ exists in the myofiber as a head-to-tail polymer

A

Tropomyosin

122
Q

_________ runs the entire length of the thin filament, spanning seven actin monomers

A

Tropomyosin

123
Q

Troponin consists of 3 subunits: _______, _______, and ______

A

Troponin-T
Troponin-C
Troponin-I

124
Q

Classify the troponin subunits from largest to smallest.

A

Troponin-C < Troponin-I < Troponin-T

125
Q

___________ binds the troponin complex to tropomyosin

A

Troponin-T

126
Q

________ binds Ca2+ ions

A

Troponin-C

127
Q

________ inhibits the actomyosin ATPase

A

Troponin-I

128
Q

Troponin binds near the head-tail junctions of _______ molecules

A

tropomyosin

129
Q

There is/are _____ troponin complex per tropomyosin molecule

A

one

130
Q

________ and _______ act in concert to permit the sliding of myosin along the thin filaments

A

Tropomyosin

troponin

131
Q

Upon neural stimulation at the neuromuscular junction, ____ ions are released inside the cell

A

Ca2+

132
Q

When ____ binds to Ca2+, this causes a change in the binding of ____ to ____, which in turns alters the binding between _______ and _______ in the thin filaments, which allows _____ to bind to _____

A 
Troponin-C
Troponin-T 
tropomyosin
tropomyosin
actin
actin
myosin
133
Q

______ is a large skeletal protein associated with thin filaments

A

Nebulin

134
Q

One _______ molecule extends from the Z-line to the distal end of a thin filament

A

nebulin

135
Q

_______ is the most abundant muscle protein, constituting 43% of the muscle myofibril.

A

Myosin

136
Q

________ is an extremely large protein that consists of six polypeptide chains

A

Myosin

137
Q

At the ________ end of the myosin chain, the protein exhibits a globular structure called the ______

A

amino

myosin head

138
Q

The helical tails of two myosin heavy chains intertwine to form a helical ________

A

coiled-coil

139
Q

Under physiological conditions, side-by-side myosin molecules coalesce via their _____ portions to form _____ filaments

A

tail

thick

140
Q

The ________ project radially from the thick filament shaft and are directed toward the thin filaments

A

myosin heads

141
Q

Like the thin filaments, the thick filaments are arranged in _______ fashion; myosin molecules on opposite sides of the M-line point in the ________ direction

A

bipolar

opposite

142
Q

_______ acts as an ATPase enzyme, splitting ATP and liberating energy

A

Myosin

143
Q

The active site of the myosin ATPase and the force transduction are localized in the _________

A

myosin head

144
Q

During contraction, ___________ are able to link to ______ of the ____ filament and form cross-bridges

A

myosin heads
actin molecules
thin

145
Q

_____ is the largest single polypeptide chain known

A

Titin

146
Q

Titin spans ______ a sarcomere, running from the_____ to the ______

A

1/2
Z-line
M-line

147
Q

______ appears to act as a cytoskeletal structure that maintains thick filament integrity.

A

Titin

148
Q

______ serves as a template upon which myosin molecules form the thick filament during muscle cell differentiation and development.

A

Titin

149
Q

The portion of ______ located in the gap between the ______ filament and the ______ is elastic

A

titin
thick filament
Z-line

150
Q

_____ may be involved in restoring resting sarcomere length when the muscle relaxes

A

Titin

151
Q

When the muscle cell is at rest, _________ sterically blocks __________ from the binding sites of the _____ filament.

A

tropomyosin
myosin heads
actin

152
Q

Upon stimulation of a muscle fiber by the nerve, the neurochemical impulse is transmitted into the fiber by the _______.

A

T-tubules

153
Q

The _________ trigger the release of Ca2+ from the lumen of the __________, which rises at least ____-fold

A

T-tubules
sarcoplasm
100

154
Q

Some of the Ca2+ ions bind to _____, causing a conformational change in _______, the tropomyosin-binding subunit

A

troponin-C

troponin-T

155
Q

Following the conformational change in troponin-T, the position of _______ is shifter to a location deeper in the ______ filament, which exposes _____ binding sites on the ______ monomers

A

tropomyosin
actin
myosin
actin

156
Q

Using energy provided by the ATPase activity of _____, the ________ are now able to bind to _______ molecules of the ____ filament, forming cross-bridges between the thick and thin filaments

A

myosin
myosin heads
actin
thin

157
Q

When myosin heads form cross-bridges between the thick and thin filaments, they are placed ________ to the thick filament axis

A

perpendicular

158
Q

Upon binding to actin, _________ swivel to approximately a 45oC, pulling the _____ filaments past the _____ filaments toward the _________

A

myosin heads
thin
thick
M-line

159
Q

With myosin heads on opposite sides of the _____ pulling the ____ filaments toward the middle, the sarcomere shortens.

A

M-line

thin

160
Q

When the sarcomere is shortened, a molecule of ____ binds to the ________, causing its detachment from ______

A

ATP
myosin head
actin

161
Q

When the myosin head detaches from actin, the ____ molecule is hydrolyzed to provide energy for the structural rearrangement of the _______ back to the 90oC

A

ATP

myosin head

162
Q

_____ provides the chemical energy needed for transport of Ca2+ from the ___ Ca2+ concentration in the sarcoplasm to the ____ concentration in the lumen of the SR.

A

ATP
low
high

163
Q

With the pumping of Ca2+ back into storage, ______ resumes its original conformation and thus _______ returns to its original position on the ____ filament, thereby blocking the myosin binding sites and causes the muscle to relax

A

troponin
tropomyosin
actin

164
Q

_________ proteins comprise 25-30% of the total muscle protein content

A

Sarcoplasmic

165
Q

Sarcoplasmic proteins are located in the __________

A

sarcoplasm

166
Q

Because of packing constraints imposed by the organization of the myofibrillar proteins, the __________ proteins are largely restricted to the cellular fluid bathing the myofibrils.

A

sarcoplasmic

167
Q

_________ proteins include enzymes associated with glycolysis and glycogenolysis, ancillary enzymes such as creatine kinase and AMP deaminase, proteinases, and the oxygen storage protein myoglobin.

A

Sarcoplasmic

168
Q

Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, accounts for over 20% of the total _________ protein fraction

A

sarcoplasmic

169
Q

Phosphorylase B is more abundant in _______ myofibers because these myofibers rely heavily on ______ for energy requirements

A

fast-white

glycolysis

170
Q

Myoglobin is present in greater abundance in _______ myofibers because they derive a greater share of their energy from ____________

A

slow-red

oxidative metabolism

171
Q

The greatest quantities of _______ (up to 70% of the total sarcoplasmic protein fraction) are found in whale muscle because a large supply of oxygen is required during prolonged deep-sea dives.

A

myoglobin

172
Q

Another enzyme of significance in both living muscle tissue and in postmortem conversion of muscle to meat is _______________

A

creatine kinase

173
Q

__________ is found both in the sarcoplasm and as a component of the ______ of the myofibril

A

Creatine kinase

M-line

174
Q

Creatine kinase acts on _____________ when intensive work demands are placed on the muscle to do

A

creatine phosphate

175
Q

As ATP is consumed, _________ quickly replaces the loss by catalyzing the addition of _________ from creatine phosphate to ADP

A

creatine kinase

phosphate

176
Q

In resting muscle, _____ and __________ restore ATP, and some of the excess high-energy capacity that is in the form of ATP is stored in __________

A

glycolytic
oxidative metabolism
creatine-phosphate

177
Q

What are the 4 ways to convert ADP to ATP?

A
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Glycolysis
  • Creatine kinase
  • Adenylate kinase
178
Q

____________ converts ADP to ATP and AMP, and is an enzyme present in the sarcoplasmic protein fraction

A

Adenylate kinase

179
Q

The reaction catalyzed by _______ becomes especially significant postmortem as cellular stores of oxygen, glycogen, and creatine phosphate are exhausted

A

adenylate kinase

180
Q

The AMP formed by adenylate kinase is _______ to __________, which is catalyzed by ________ (sarcoplasmic protein fraction)

A

deaminated
IMP
AMP deaminase

181
Q

IMP is further degraded to ________, which imparts a _____ flavor to meat

A

hypoxanthine

bitter

182
Q

The calcium-dependent proteinases in muscle sarcoplasm are called ______

A

calpains

183
Q

__________ is activated by micromolar concentrations of Ca2+

A

u-calpain

184
Q

________ is activated by milimolar concentrations of Ca2+

A

m-calpain

185
Q

_________ is activated by submicromolar concentrations of Ca2+

A

calpain 3

186
Q

Proteinases break down particular proteins of the myofibril, such as ____, ____, and _____ during postmortem conversion of muscle to meat

A

titin
nebulin
troponin-T

2) Food Chemistry I (31 decks)

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