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ZBiochem > Proteins, Enzymes, Membranes and Signal Transduction EC > Flashcards

Proteins, Enzymes, Membranes and Signal Transduction EC Flashcards

1
Q

Cystinuria

A

Autosomal Recessive
Defect in basic amino acid transporter (Cystine, Lysine, Arginine) in renal tubules
Excessive excretion and formation of cystine kidney stones

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2
Q

Hartnup’s Disease

A 
Autosomal Recessive
Pellagra like (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)
Defective absorption of tryptophan
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3
Q

Gs Receptor function and coupled receptors

A

Stimulate Adenylate Cyclase (increase cAMP –> PKA)

Dopamine (D1)
Epinephrine (B1,B2)
Glucagon histamine (H2)
Vasopressin (V2)

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4
Q

Gi Receptor function and coupled receptors

A

Inhibit adenylate cyclase (decrease cAMP)

Dopamine (D2)
Epinephrine (a2)

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5
Q

Gq Receptor function and coupled receptors

A

Stimulates phospholipase C (increased IP3 & DAG)

Angiotensin II
Epinephrine (a1)
Oxytosin
Vasopressin (V1)

phosphorylated myosin light chains –> SM contraction

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6
Q

Gt receptor function and coupled receptors

A

Stimulate cGMP phosphodiesterase (increase cGMP)

Rhodopsin (light sensitive)

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7
Q

Tyrosine Kinase overview (insulin receptor as example)

A

Insulin binds TK–> autophosphorylation
IRS-1 activates . . .
RAS/MAP kinase (long-term effects-gene expression) and
PKB (short term effects-increased GLUT-4)

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8
Q

Cholera/EHEC toxins

A

Permanently activate Gs (ADP-ribosylation)
Increased cAMP
Loss of isotonic fluid
Diarrhea

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9
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

Permanently inactivates Gi (ADP-ribosylation)
Increased cAMP
Increased mucus secretion in respiratory tract (whooping cough)

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10
Q

Ephedrine MOA and use

A

alpha-1 agonist

Vasoconstriction (decongestant)

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11
Q

Albuterol and Terbutaline MOA and use

A

Beta-2 agonists

Bronchodilation (asthma)

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12
Q

Beta blockers MOA and use

A

decrease BP

precipitate asthma

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13
Q

Losarton MOA and use

A

Angiotensin II antagonist

Lowers BP

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14
Q

Chlorpromazine/Haloperidol MOA and use

A

D2 antagonists

Antipsychotics

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15
Q

Niacin as a co-enzyme

A 
NAD+ (nicotine adenine dinucleotide) 
REDOX reactions (ie. glycolytic pathway)
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16
Q

Pyridoxine as a co-enzyme

A 
Pyridoxal phosphate
TRANSAMINATION reactions (ie. alanine to pyruvic acid)
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17
Q

Thiamine as a co-enzyme

A

DECARBOXYLATION (ie. degradation of branched chain amino acids)

Transketolase (2-carbon transfer in pentose-phosphate-pathway)

18
Q

Biotin as a co-enzyme

A

CARBOXYLATION

19
Q

Folic acid as a co-enzyme

A

THF (tetra-hydro-folate)

One carbon transfers (ie. serine –> glycine)

20
Q

Magnesium as co-factor

A

Kinases

21
Q

Zinc as a co-factor

A

Carbonic anhydrase
Collagen
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Superoxide dismutase

22
Q

Copper as a co-factor

A

Oxidases (lysyl oxidase in collagen cross-linking)
Ferroxidase (Fe3+–>Fe2+)
Cytochrome c oxidase (electrons to O2 to make water)

23
Q

Iron as a co-factor

A

Cytochromes

24
Q

Selenium as a co-factor

A

Glutathione peroxidase

25
Q

Zero-Order Reaction

A

Velocity independent of [Substrate]

Saturated

26
Q

First-Order Reaction

A

Velocity dependent on [Substrate]

Below Km

27
Q

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) diagnostic use

A

Viral hepatitis (ALT>AST)

28
Q

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) diagnostic use

A

Alcoholic hepatitis (AST>ALT)

MI (AST only)

29
Q

Alkaline phosphatase diagnostic use

A

Osteoblastic bone disease
Metastatic prostate cancer
Obstructive liver disease

30
Q

Amylase diagnostic use

A 
Acute pancreatitis (lipase more specific)
Mumps (parotitis)
31
Q

Creatine Kinase (CK) diagnostic use

A

MI (CK-MB)

DMD (CK-MM)

32
Q

gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) diagnostic use

A

Obstructive liver disease

Alcoholics (increased)

33
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

A

MI

34
Q

Lipase

A

Acute pancreatitis (more specific than amylase)

35
Q

What form of Fe binds O2?

A

Fe2 binds O2

36
Q

What is methemoglobin?

A

Hgb with Fe3+

CANNOT BIND O2

37
Q

What does a left shift in the O2 binding curve mean?

A

Increased Hgb affinity for O2 (loading)

38
Q

What does a right shift in the O2 binding curve mean?

A

Decreased Hgb affinity for O2 (UNloating)

Causes:
decreased O2 binding
2,3 BPG (response to high altitude)
H+/CO2
Increased tempterature
39
Q

What is the mechanism by which CO2 effects hemoglobin binding?

A

Conversion by carbonic anhydrase decreases pH
Protonation of histidine residues
DECREASED AFFINITY FOR O2

40
Q

Slate grey cyanosis in infant without pulmonary or cardiac disease

A

Hereditary methemoglobinemia (HgM)

ZBiochem (9 decks)

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